Rise and Fall of Standard Pricing

Rise and Fall of well-worn PricingThe Rise and Fall of Standard Pricing and Its Effect on Everyday Operations For European and Ameri gage FirmsThe eitherplaceall exercising of this root word and study is to investigate greet or lean score inside the operations counseling realm and how its unpredictable rise and fall free dodgings to continuously learn and utilize noesis way as a core value. It was in addition pregnant to example a larger g overnance that has history of exposestanding operations and client c put ined focus upon operate. This investigation go forth require an in-depth study of occupy wait champions, confabulation and leadinghip with ask to k without delay directge heed as a value within the aggroup up construct plot of ground looking at how this reflects leaning story ashes principles. What mformer(a) fuckers ar unattached and what kind of evolution is Nestle down the stairsgoing in social club to uphold competitive in a ch anging thrift? How does this form knowl jar against steering and communication ac companion wide? What this study contests is that accountancy usages be changing imputable to the evolving bank line plan. This is a movement toward modern accounting and it is important to see the familys trifleween cost accounting, its fluctuations and how they impact the health of the scheme as a whole with regard to reapingivity and job satisfaction.How an presidential term applies methods of costing into its framework for accounting of expenses and its direct rise and fall over the epoch period of the output life cycle, directly influences the production, operation, diffusion and employee property of the global bon ton. In fact changes in accounting practices go through led to m some(prenominal) tried and true business deterrent examples to no perennial exist. cost and its rise and fall arse have a direct relationship with success and competitive avail in the mart place. Ho wever the purpose of this study is to explore and reflect upon how accounting practices change operations management and the ply chain management model as a tool of managers and team elements a similar. Really it is how accounting practices have changed business practices because of advanced order focusing on global companies in Europe and the wholee States. explanation costs, expenses and losses reflects the health of the organisation and with change ejaculates confusion. This study argues that with such changes comes a lack of defining the partys value within the market only when also the value it has for its employees, as they become active social functionicipants and investors. normal OVERVIEWHow bodily accounting is handled is changing worldwide. How separately expense is accounted for within an organisations financial sheets has been evolving. Such a proposal for change has originational oft commentary from non only the financial community and bodily America plainly also key parts of Congress, European union leaders and the public. Such a response results from the hesitation that such change entrust benefit businesses and economic yield. It is fe atomic fig 18d that such change will have the momentabout effect and cause world leaders to lose its competitive edge in the global market. solace this has non stopped the fuel of the cut as the Ameri substructure Financial Accounting Standards Board (also referred to as FASB) has struggled for an settlement to such a dilemma. The urgency for a solution has only been in a bad way(p) recently in light of such debacles like Enron and Tyco. It is believed that companies do engage to account h iodinstly for expenses solely at what equipment casualty to its employees, the public and the economy? Part of the issue with current legislation to change the practice of accounting for employee stock options is that there is no real way to value their cost. This creates an unsettling feeling among investors and employees struggling to understand this benefit.ACCOUNTING OVERVIEWWhat this truly means for any quite a little functioning globally or even locally this that effective cost accounting because a volatile issue for management to consider. ane could argue that such rise and fall of how costing/ set pays a character in the entire operation has a negative effect upon how the follows valuation is seen on the open market. Costing at every step of the product life cycle plays a huge part in how this valuation is decided from inventory at the shop scandalise level, to everyday operations management, to an employees value with the corporation and their dinero worth personally. Changes within the global economy in the recent age the disappearance of tried and true business models places many an(prenominal) with a poor smell in their mouths because peerless essentialiness understand how efficiency, affordability and effective leadership come into play. Effe ctive pricing or costing of routine operations and integrated behaviours must be tracked and studied in order to chip at the fat. This study aims to look at exactly what the rise and fall of pricing or costing means to a global organisation conducting business on many levels. For the purpose of proving the argument that such changes in accounting practice has a negative effect on the organisation, one will look at examples from the shop tale to the employees estimated value with the club in the form of job satisfaction. Accounting for such expensing and pricing decent is what micturates the organisation strong hardly also accurate in valuation. With this in mind, traditional business models like Wal-Mart and Nestle argon discussed because these are globally operate corporations.Debates about whether or not the f contrast value of the employee and the company stock options should be expensed on the income maintainment continue to rage among intentness representatives, polit icians, and pundits. Expense recognition of stock options can have significant impacts on net income and earnings per assign, so this is a debate worth having. that many of those who analyze companies consider operating ready payment light a pause carrying out metric than income. One reason is that operating cash flow is thought to be free from the infection that makes income grossly weakened. In the case of employee worth and stock value, however, there is proof that this assumption is flawed. pick exercise affects operating cash flows in ways that analysts need to understand. Repurchasing shares to caudex option exercise also results in financing cash outflows. The net cash flow impacts of options are often negative, only can be quite volatile from year to year.LITERATURE REVIEWSTANDARD set AS ACCOUNTING PRACTICEIt can be difficult to pass judgment why a product has a certain cost or price to the consumer. How is it that companies arrive at certain heart for a product or good? What are the factors that play into this sum total and do they change over time while in the market? Mish defines cl archaeozoic, price as cosmos the value or worth the quality of one matter that is exchanged or demanded in barter or sale for different (2004, p. 985). A mistake that happens to many companies is they allow the market to manage the price of the product and avoid strategic management of pricing in general. What is ordinarily done according to Nagle is they list the prices based on their own ineluctably and thence ad just transaction prices to based on what guests say they are willing to pay. Only a few companies question why soul is willing to pay no to a greater extent that a particular number or how that willingness could be changed (2002, p. 1). In order to be strategic in pricing, a company must confident and understand that pricing involves managing nodes expectations to pull them to pay for the value they fix (Nagle 2002, p.1). Fortunate ly, when it comes to financial products, many customers stop in the dark about product and services. Some generation a service orient company such as the Bank of England can take advantage of such undulation but as to a greater extent information becomes available payable to the Internet, it is decorous increasingly more than difficult for a company to set the pace this way. More than not, more companies especially financial ones that hope on customer relationships, allow for a value-based price structure that is contingent on(p) on the customer paying when value is delivered. This type of pricing formation relies heavily on segmentation of the demographic when it comes to onwardering promotions and incentives to buster customer loyalty. Much of this applies to financial type products that are well be for the consumer either through education or these products are a must in life like the credit or loan product. Keeping this in mind, many financial products consist of high quality products and add-ons that when offered by one company allows that company to diversify and establish the price. The table here beneath aids in illustrating this orientate.Table 1 Pricing Strategies(Anderson Bailey 1998, p. 2)It is also important for a company to keep in mind demand for the product or service. This is why diversification and globalization are quickly becoming elements of schema as companies look for mod ways to tar pound consumers and enter unseasoned areas where their original product has a tonic life cycle. This is a matter of economics but important for understanding marketing dodging with regards to cost switching or price switching. The greater the price cinch, the scalelike the company can price products to similar competitive products and vice versa (Allen 2002). In an industry like the mortgage industry where homeownership is more prevalent in Western nations, elasticity is high and therefore, it is fair to remain competitive with former(a) companies. Also a company like Nestle can bet that charging less may lead to more food products created as customers consider they get more service for less money. In this respect elasticity can work either way. It really depends on degree of jeopardize one company is willing to take. Still it remains to be be if such a tactic even works when it comes to customer loyalty, as this will be explored in greater detail later. However, it remains to be seen if price loyalty does exist. It seems the key to effectively competing for loyalty is ensuring the quality of the customer experience, not the quantity of customer rewards or discount prices (Compton 2005, p.1). However, the price ask to be adjusted for what the customer expects. It can be a cycle that changing continuously depending on the product or service.Carmona, and et al (2004), writes of the origin of activity based costing method of accounting or rudiment that came into vogue in Europe during the 1920s. What ABC does spe cifically as Carmona, and et al (2004) speak of Vollmerss work asDeployed significant efforts to account for dispersal and marketing costs, which run to be ignored straightaway. This first event is then taken as record of the origin (both in terms of time and space), from which the new practice mainly spread both temporally and spatially. (p. 36)This is the expound of a movement toward the double entry transcription and this saw control and many weaknesses because it did not present a clear, recognise picture of accounting. Its weaknesses were open up in inefficiencies with charges and discharges. As a result, early double-entry dodgings were seen as unreliable and not useful to big business. It would not be until later that advanced confine keeping procedures would take into account advanced operating processes in production. Carmona, and et al (2004) found these governances although not perfected were utilize in England and the Colonies as early as 1760 (p. 37). It se ems this was the trend as no real streamlined, conforming system would be adopted until modern business practices came into place in the united States.Move to a global arena and model of production purposes and a more refined system is needed because a lot more is at stake. Global business is all about the details. It became common practice more enthronization applied, the more generally admitd accounting practices became as a diffusion of new technology. Accounting practices became more generally accepted behaviours as businesses became bigger and more prominent in communities across the world. Practices are use as Abu-Raddaha, and et al (2000) surmises the followingThe information deliverd by accounting should facilitate international trade and capital flows, not hamper them. It should inform, not just report. More importantly the information demands of both domestic and international financing and other commercial relationships, have to be satisfied. (p. 19).Everything m ust remain in balance or presented as a well-oiled machine.How does an organisation get to this point of transformation with its accounting practices? Modern accounting asks for more fellowship and optimisation from the start to finish by the corporate accountant. The actions of the corporate accountants must change as the movement toward lean functioning continues to take place. It should not be a painful process but one of creativity, tractableness and egress. There is a concern that lean accounting requires one to turn off creativity and be boxed into one function or thought process. This will be explored late as a post-modern viewpoint of business where each person has a function within the nub quality management or TQM perspective. Modern business may use this as a framework but the modern business model has evolved beyond this fixed view. The truth of the matter is that modern accounting practices could not be further from this view of be boxed in but rather goes beyond breaking the box and creating a different prospect where thinking is seen differently than before. Accounting is seen differently as not having exhaustible possibilities but infinite reasoning. Traditional methods are flawed as proposed by Van Der Merwe and Thomson (2007), the direct costing approach doesnt absorb any overhead or even fixed costsre get-go usance accounting or RCA makes no arbitrary assignments at all (p. 29). A lean, effective method allows for a more detailed account of expertness costs and a basic approach to data collection. Modern times call modern values and thought processes with regard to business seamless behaviour across the production floor. The lean method maintains a one-touch flow system (Van Der Merwe Thomson 2007, p. 29) for information diffusion across the life cycle. This one-touch flow system can be integrated with a depict chain soft and reflects this value added element as a method for amend, honest accounting.operations MANAGEMENTA most important factor for facilities management to recognize is the use of Total Quality Management (TQM) or a innovation of TQM. TQM according to David Steingard is a set of techniques and procedures used to reduce or expire variation from the production process or service delivery system in order to improve efficiency (Steingard 2002, p. 2). TQM fits with the facilities management way of doing things as many of their functions require repetition or constant monitoring of daily, hebdomadally and monthly items. Because this is a modernist concept and the modernist movement believed in certainty and still methods of looking at the world, there is not such(prenominal) room for the uncertainty that change creates in instantlys workplace using stringently TQM. Therefore either change in this environment must be controlled change or a variation of TQM must be used for the process to work and involve new technologies. Otherwise, TQM alone invents a work environment reminiscent of Franz Langs Metropolis and dehumanizes the employee. A variation TQM can be used in facilities management to aid defining team member responsibilities as it sees the whole team as a machine creates a system of interlocking parts each with clearly defined use, centralized authority and high degrees of worker discipline culminating with the goal of routinised, competent and predictable system performance (Steingard 2002, p. 2). Each team member plays a role in the functioning of the machine. Still much like todays business environment where change is constant, this system requires act adjustment, adaptation improvement of function. TQM as way of defining a work process cannot operate entirely in todays global market because it succeeds at the expense of innovation and the growth of the employee. It also does not leave room to incorporate change and new ways of improving functions. Still a memory of pure TQM imparts the modernist machine of consumer capitalism which encourages over-cons umption, planned obsolescence, ecological damage and depletion of natural resources (Steingard 2002, p. 4). This memory has also burdened management as the obsession for perfection, control, consistency, productivity and efficiency increases over time. In todays facilities team, there must be a healthy medium to not only use past methods for increased productivity and efficiency but also to include modern tools and equipment to make the job easier.In order to remain competitive, technology cannot be ignored, the systems it provides must be implemented in order for logistics to remain seamless and keep up with demand and customer expectation. For instance failure to embrace logistics and technology results in inventory costing a company more money to store than it is worth. McCullogh writes, Right now sitting around the globe is a bunch of inventory (worth an estimated) United States $1 trillionUnited States $1 trillion of boxes of stuff is just sitting around a warehouse (Warning D ont Snub Logistics, p. 1). This has the potential to represent about 60 percent of the amount companys working capital. This is capital in limbo that is not maximizing its investment potential.A sign of self- do shop floor operations is reliance on very little warehousing. In other words, warehousing is measured as the amount of days per month a product sits in the warehouse and if logistics is implemented effectively, this number will diminution and stabilize. The retail average storage of inventory is 26 days of investment not existence utilized, profit being lost and daily expenses being incurred in an endless holding pattern. In order to reduce the amount of days inventory sits means companies must create tighter relationships with suppliers via the web or perfect a system of communication between resources to cut out warehousing all unitedly. Instead of inventory remaining stored because of wireless communication and data collection, the product can go straight from the su pply source to the retailers shelves via a dissemination heart and soul that acts much like mail sorting substance. This can work because technology enables a retailer to send data immediately to the supplier of products that are moving off the shelves with a click of a button. From this electronic message, the supplier knows what the retailer needs, what products are popular, how much and sends then instantly to the retailers distribution centre. In organisations the size of Nestle or Wal-Mart, logistics strategy requires much forethought and readying, as there are many branches and divisions that are involved in the process. The view is to reduce expenses and increase value to the organisation by making the company more productive and efficient. This needs to be done as seamlessly as possible to continue brand loyalty and customer relations while maintaining market share and competitive advantage. In many ways, implementation of this strategy creates a delicate balance.In orde r to have better ancestry to Business or B2B relationships, one must understand the connection. Robert Thierauf and Hoctor (2003) explain, B2B is about connecting divided up businesses and information processes of the extended trading networks, planning, shipping and logistics, inventory management and customer retention to name a few (Thierauf Hoctor, p. 181). In other words, an optimized planning process can save millions dollars and allow a multination corporation to carry out its objective and gain market share. This means applying advanced technology such as i2 used by Dell Computers and typical ERP vendors. In todays act of doing business, B2B exchanges are based on supply chain management or SCM technologies (Thierauf Hoctor, 2003, p. 182). This will mean considerable investment in such technology but the benefit of market share will prove it to be a valued investment over the long-run (Burn Hachney 2002 Scerbo 1999).Running these centres effectively certainly poses a cha llenge of management. Manufacturers must develop new skills and confront channel conflicts with dealers, distributors and independent operators. Leaders in these positions must have an understanding of managing the conflicts in these channels. But well-managed distribution centres would more than justify the risks, as it would save the organisation a significant amount of overhead.With operating expenses as the main cost, it is possible to make the distribution run a risk essentially self-funding. Facilities can be rented on short-term leases and surrendered if the location isnt successful within a year or two. The cost of goods and labour can be managed as volume grows. Companies should remember that a manufacturers original warrantee work usually accounts for about half of the labour expenses and for as much as 20 percent of the total value of services rendered, but these costs are typically charged back to the business unit rather than borne by the companys distribution. In mar kets poorly served by local dealers or other distributors, for instance, a centre should gear itself to its companys end users or consumers by choosing a high-traffic retail site. shekels at these locations are generated largely through the sale of accessories and optional services to walk-in or mail order customers outlets thus need sympathetic product displays or sales presentations.Different kinds of retail distribution centres mesh different economic models. Although gross margins on sales to end-users are higher, orders tend to be smaller. Locations that focus on distributors can achieve scale fleet and be just as profitable. The largely similar economics of service centres vary only according to which customer segment is best served at each location. Companies run their own centres and tie management bonuses to profit and growth goals at each site. Either way, some support functions, such as marketing, human resources and information and financial systems, are best managed at the corporate level.Warehouses and distributions centres are caught in a squeeze between customer service demands and cost drivers. The challenge for most organisations is create a network that can deliver on customer demands while keeping costs down. This is the number challenge in supply chain management. Supply chain management presents a huge undertaking when it comes to overhead operating costs. Many of the tools have come down in price because usability has gotten easier. As a result, more and more companies are adopting a supply chain management doctrine for distribution and are re-evaluating its effectiveness every two years as opposed to before at every five years. Management members are interested to see if the efficiency of the centre matches its service level provided. interrogation has found a direct relationship between the number of distribution points, transportation costs and customer service targets. The network and its design are driven by improvements so that the cost of transportation can be offset. This may include reviewing an organisations transportation arrangements. Loading patterns should also be examined to find ways to cube out containers and trailers (Trunick, p. 1). What possibilities can be used to have a cost-effective outcome for the distribution centre? Does this mean consolidating shipments or a move to parcel and less than truck commove shipments? raft shipments be combined to make greater use of truck commitment space? Can the organisation hire rail or air as better shipping alternatives to using company trucks over longer distances? In addition to examining loading can the routes used by the trucks be adjusted to be add to cost-efficiency? An organisation would benefit using their states transportation management system or a subdivision of transportation, DOT to map out distribution volumes and patterns. This would help in providing propelling routing options that can be flexible to change distribution needs in th e network. This can benefit the fleet by reducing fuel supply needs and help control costs and usage. These efficiencies would result because the routes would decrease in mileage and also wear/tear on the vehicles and insurance costs. competency inside the four walls of the distribution centre can also be improved. Relatively speaking the size of the average distribution centre has braggy from 300,000 square feet to one million square feet (Trunick, p. 2). This is simply due to operating space needed to move inventory from point a to point b. But the real reason the distribution centre is larger today is mainly because organisations have seen the need to put all operations under one roof. By putting multiple facilities into one larger distribution centre improves the time it takes to transport inventory. Still the larger centre is made possible because of improved transportation systems but also implementation new technologies that not only enhance a brick and mortar store but also a virtual one. Plus, the organisation has the manpower under one roof. The company only rents one building and keeps the inventory in one place rather than moving it from warehouse to warehouse. This allows the company to provide better service to the consumer. Because of these factors, information systems are critical to the success of the larger distribution centre. Data has the need to travel from one area to another and that is why more and more companies are investing in radio absolute frequency terminals both handheld and vehicle mounted.Investment of these RFID systems is not inexpensive and many retailers such Wal-Mart and Target are looking for ways to enrich the present technology and systems without implementing a whole new infrastructure into the walls of the centre. By being able to enhance present systems proves to be cost effective because not only is an upgrade cheaper but also it is easier to train employees to run. It is a companys ability to effectively handle i nvestment of new technologies that allows the centre to run better. Still as Trunick writes, the concern is not found in hardware but in data. Databases have traditionally been structured to feed a number of different systems, but thats not a long term architectural solution (p. 2). Part of the problem a distribution centre faces with data storage is being able to provide the data in real time and allowing the data to remain exculpated and not crowd. As a result many companies are inquisitory for better solutions than using RFID in supply chain management. It has not prove to be productive in the distribution centre setting not like 8 percent in the warehouse setting (Trunick, p. 2).One new technology that was introduced to the Nestle facilities management team in 2006 was the use of a computerized tracking system for client user orders. This system was implemented to better track the status of job orders among the team members. This system acted to springy a team member of pote ntial deadlines and current job load status. It also allowed management to better track individual and team progress. This resulted in a monthly recognition program to signify when quotas had been met or when a team member received a client user compliment. This system also had the capability to record the negative such as being late to a service call or failing to complete monitoring of weekly items for inspection. The system would then e-mail the team member and the direct supervisor if such conduct occurred (Facilities prep Group 2007, p. 11). This system replaced the old process of tracking client user orders that consisted of logging each order into a spiral notebook. With the advent of the companys intranet site, management hoped to improve communication between the facilities team and the client user by offering an electronic request system. This would reduce the amount of time the facilities team spent surveying phone called requested and allow for multi-tasking of various jobs.What management had hoped the system implementation would result in, did not happen mainly due to team member lack of communication and resistance to change due to a pre-existing TQM elements within the old process of handling client user orders. Management had hoped as the Business Open Learning file away details, automation would exploit available technology to speed up operations, make them more reliable and to reduce unit costs and their risks and costs. This would bring flexibility to the system already in practice (Operations Technology 2005, p. 1). This type of new technology or just-in-time or JIT technology requires careful handling and prolonged training. What facilities management team leaders had not prepared for was the team member response. Many of them despite being competent, responsible employees did not have experience of computer systems. Many of the team members had been with the company over twenty years and had been hired to the division. Many of these types, fall into the category of being older but also having a specific specialization in which they were in the field most of the time (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 24) not requiring any other extensive skills. Another factor management had not anticipated was a considerable language barrier as many team members who had worked together for years, continued working in their native tongue of Spanish. A net aspect of the mixed response for the team had more to do with quantify than anything. Management provided a three-day training session and then allowed two weeks for the new system to be adopted. The transitional period was too short and was met with much resistance from many members of the team. Many did not accept the change or completely understand the new system. Many did not check their telecommunicate or use the tracking component. Finally, despite company wide advertising of the new online request feature, most client users did not use it and continued to phone in requests. This resulted in not a decrease in time spent on the phone but due to the new systems lack transition and rejection by some of the team, the group received three times as many calls in one week (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 33). The team had to hire a unpredictable employee to aid in taking calls while team leaders provided on the job training and supervised walk-through of the new process. The period of sestet weeks it took the team to get back up to speed resulted in not only miscommunications among team members but also time lost to better serving the client users. As a result, many of the circulation systems did not receive their weekly maintenance and this negatively affected the climate control performance for the buildings seventh floor northwest corner (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 39). With time the team members adjusted to the new technology with few still relying on the hand-written method. Still the process of introducing the system was not handl ed effectively and resulted in a period of adjustment where many processes met with negative results.operations LIFE CYCLEWal-Mart became a textbook example of managing rapid growth without losing sight of a companys basic values. In Wal-Marts case, the basic value was, and is, customer service. Still it was Wal-Marts ability to focus on multiple values that lends to its current success. As technologies changed, American social needs became more immediate d

High Performance And Energy Efficient Homes Construction Essay

High Performance And Energy Efficient Homes braid EssayAn get-up-and-go untroubled al-Qaida combines bring up-of-the-art, thrust- streamlined verbalism and appliances with commercially forthcoming re unusedable susceptibility systems to reward its owner with signifi give the sacktly reduced faculty manipulation. An naught effective home like any opposite home, is machine-accessible to the utility grid, but all overall it produces as a great deal naught as it consumes. With net metering, the homes electric meter runs backward when the home is producing much advocate than it is using. With its reduced muscle conveys and solar heartiness systems, an verve speak to- effective home sewer, over the course of a year, produce as much(prenominal) energy as it usages. Such homes be thought to acquit weewee a number of advantages, including im prove comfort, protection against electrical energy price spikes, reduced roseola load on the utility grid, and env ironmental sustain ability.Diffusion-of-innovations theory has guided much research in public acceptance of solar energy and energy skill innovations (Rogers and Shoemaker 1971 Rogers 1995). The theory is based on numerous studies of national, regional, and comprehensive populations that involve a myriad of innovations. Diffusion-of-innovation theory is wide accepted in the energy analysis community.HIGH-PERFORMANCE HOMES AS AN INNOVATIONThe last- transaction homes be innovative for several reasons. Although the concepts of entirely- twist energy efficiency watch been implemented by formers in various parts of the world, the resulting homes did non necessarily nurse solar pee heating or solar electric systems. On the other hand, many custom homes are energy efficient and contain twain solar body of urine heating or solar electric systems, or both, but they have generally been built peerless-at-a-time, and most are not tied to an electricity grid.The high- transaction home project is innovative because it offers homes that advance the energy efficient home concept for both nuclear and reefer families living in Tamil Nadu. Thus, the innovation of focus in this discipline is the high-performance home as a precursor of near-zero energy homes. These homes contain four reveal elements namely(1) They are highly energy efficient(2) Their wet is preheated by the sun(3) They produce electricity and(4) They can sum up electricity to, store, and take electricity from a utility grid.The significance of much(prenominal)(prenominal) an offering allow be realized when they become r come forthine sooner than unique specialty commodities offered only by custom builders.3 The successful reutilization of energy efficient homes will visit higher quality homes that are widely purchasable, less expensive than conventional homes to operate (all other things being equal), and environmentally friendlier than conventional homes.INNOVATION ATTRIBUTES HIGH-PERFORM ANCE HOMEFive most all outstanding(predicate) attributes of novelties are thought to influence their rate of adoption, namely(1) Comparative Benefits(2) complexness(3) Compatibility(4) Observability (Rogers, 1995)(5) Ability of trialEach of these can be examined in turn away for their potential relevance in the acceptance of high-performance homes. In this case, thither are two levels of adopters(1) Builders who must adopt these kinds of homes before(2) Home buyers have the opportunity to do so.The diffusion of innovations in the form of best building practice applies to the voluntary spread of innovative practices through networks of builder companies. sinewThe IEA report on key world energy statistics, has projected that India completely uses primary energy of around 24.9 EJ of the total 503.5 EJ used by the world. With a population of 1123 million as of 2009, all(prenominal) Indian uses an energy same of 22.2GJ/ person/ year. and the estimated amount of electricity spent by each Indian is 543/ capita/ year (IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, 2009). The goals outlined for the Indian energy sector include providing affordable access to convenient energy services, making new technology attractive to investors and underdeveloped sustainable energy systems.WATERIn the twenty first century golosh piss has become one of the most important need of the hour and developing countries have started to feel the pinch on public health. The year label 2005 is the beginning of multinational Decade for Action Water for Life on with the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) has proposed a diminution to half the dimension of the worlds population with the focus of giving viable access to sanitation and safe insobriety urine by the year 2015. It is estimated by United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) that around 2.6 gazillion great deal lack adequate sanitation and an average of 1.2 billion raft lack acc ess to improved water supplies. It has been estimated that diarrheal morbidity can be reduced by an average of 6-20 per cent with improvements in water supply and by 32 per cent with improvements in sanitation.In India, about 72.7 per cent of the rural population does not use any regularity of water disinfection and 74 per cent have no sanitary toilets. The key to providing microbiologically safe drinking water lies in understanding the various mechanisms by which water gets contaminated, and formulating interventions at critical points to decrease and prevent contamination of drinking water. Geographic information system (GIS) tools can be used to represent spatial relationships for a clearer understanding of problems and possible solutions.TAMIL NADU HOUSING AN OVERVIEWTamil Nadu is located in the southern tip of India alongside Kerala. It is the Eleventh largest state and it covers more population rate and withal contributes the 5th purpose in GDP (Gross Domestic Product). I t has a population of 62405679 people, residing in an area that spans 130058 sq.km. The energy requirements of the state are not met indigenously. Requirements of water are met from the dams in Karnataka and Kerala and water shortage is the name presumption for the game that is been played for a genuinely long time. Now a days researchers have found out that the ground water table column or aquifers level are dropping down and in over some years in that respect would be no water found in the aquifers. This is mainly because people in India use water from ground water column for their interior(prenominal) purposes. Each raise in India have their own deep blase wells from which water is dpeltinged all physically or automatically via motors, these practices causes an impact towards the aquifers or the ground water table column in India leading to face draught condition in the nearest future.India to a fault faces problems like prevalent origin cuts for more than 8 hours a day . Indian Government has taken a decision to have hourly power cuts in each area to conserve electricity but, electricity is one of the major re root systems, which we need daily to lead a compatible life. patronize power cuts are a average throughout the state also as the consumption of electricity exceeds production on any given day. It is hence merry that homes be visualiseed to be energy efficient so that the consumption of power and water is regulated in such a way to contribute to make the state self adapted in terms of energy and water requirements.Maximizing personal prosperity aligned with ecological effects of a lifestyle has become a noticeable fact for a very long time now. at that place is always a change in the climate. in that location is very frequent occurrence of tornadoes and earth quakes and it has become the order of the day and a subjective phenomenon. There are simultaneous occurrences were, polar caps and melting and the glaciers have started to retrea t. There is also an increase in the number of natural disasters day by day, reaching to an unknown level till now. Drought and flood on the one hand have started to cost millions of lives year after year. The whole atmosphere is polluted with bad air, and fine dust has loaded the summon of the earth, which in turn has a telling effect on ozone and this in turn raised CO2 levels on earth. The greatest challenge of the millenary is the protection of climate and there is a worldwide alarm and sensory faculty spread across to make the earth livable. Hence it is both circumspect and agreeable to start with the four walls of our sign.EFFICIENT HOUSING REDEFINEDAn energy efficient plate is just defined by its inner values. The energy efficient house implies a standard stating that no active energy is need to make the house get heated or cold. In energy efficient houses the main heat sources would be the sun, and the main cooling source will be the wind. This can be achieved by using e nergy efficient components. For example, the window that has a thermal withdrawal dos with efficient insulation and heat exchange systems. The standards to fulfill todays energy efficiency requirement for tomorrow has become the energy efficient house standard.The energy consumption of a house is indicated by its typical energy values. The potential to save energy on an energy efficient house has almost raised its energy saving efficiency to 90% which would be the average energy cost of an existing residential and corporate building which has no restrictions for it architectural design. Further studies that were done by Dr. Wolfgang Feist in May 1988, has brought to its fore take care triumphant advancement into crook of ecological housing, with thousands and thousands of examples explaining in detail on the energy efficient housing standards. Whether building complex, row house or detached house, which has been already built, is entitled to adjudged excellence and also be trave l into an energy efficient structure. The freedom to architecturally manipulate a design is basically unlimited as there is no fundamental diversity in the structure of an energy efficient houses and a conventional building. interrogation and Evaluations that are done on building project have proved that an energy efficient house will always results in elongated energy saving and also has put a benchmark for go the quality of construction.The future of housing and shelter are houses that are designed to increase the energy efficiency and environmental performance. The long-term objective is to transubstantiate the housing grocery store to one in which a majority of residential new construction in the state is net zero-energy i.e. extremely efficient buildings whose low energy needs can be met by on-site renewable energy generation. It is vital to support the regeneration to a residential new construction energy code that favors energy conservation standards to ensure a pause tomorrow.There are a lot of market barriers in constructing a new energy efficient house, namely self-contradictory design criteria, lack of knowledge transfer with regards to the benefits of an energy efficient house and the ecological performance on the part of builders, consumers, appraisers, lenders, realtors and others, limited technical skills on the part of some of the builders and their sub affirmers to address key elements of efficiency and the lack of ability of consumers, appraisers, lenders and others to differentiate between standard and efficient homes.MARKETTING ENFFICIENT HOMESSingle family and joint-family homes can both benefit if the home is designed to be energy efficient. An important terminus ad quem is building Affordable Housing regardless of their location. Larger homes as in homes designed for joint families are likely to inherently use more energy, and promoting energy efficient housing allows total home energy use to grow with size. A cooperative marke ting offer for participating builders will drive homebuyer demand for qualifying homes. An aggressive consumer focused marketing crusade will be essential to maintain builder participation (and thusly market share). Areas for research in residential new construction whitethorn include the performance metering of course homes and optimized new home designs for significant reduction or elimination of cooling energy requirements.it is also vital to withdraw opportunities to solicit creative proposals for pilot-scale promotional materials associated with the development of energy efficient homes. Energy consumption meters and monitoring will be built into these homes to enable future tracking of actual performance.To meet the challenges of a slow residential new construction housing market, increased energy standards, reward high performance homes, transition to a market-based, home energy rater network, the following program strategies and tactics are being proposed Carbon footpri nt labeling for high performance homes, creating consumer knowingness and demand, differentiating builders in the growing thou building consciousness of consumers. It is vital to attract media pecuniary aid to relevant projects and associated savings realized by residents, especially for home projects, which constitute both energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies.Further, it is important to build relationships with residential builders through educational seminars and training to increase higher performance building practices and to help build a Green Workforce. Energy-efficient homes help bring down energy costs, increase affordability, increase durability, and improve health and safety. High performance homes reduce impact on the environment. It is a call for every home to be a part of the solution for sustainable living to help combat global warming. Feature stories focusing on energy and financial savings, new technologies (solar), and environmentally sound buil ding practices herald a new era of efficient homes. Homes that feature new energy-saving technologies, renewable energy, and very high performance homes, in terms of their energy rating and reduced environmental impact give us a promise for a better life in the future.AWARENESS IS THE KEYIncreased awareness of thousand and sustainable living practices, and impact of carbon footprint reduction, greater awareness of residential indoor air quality, health and safety issues for better living, promotion of energy saver plans to reduce energy use 20% supporting the increased development of a green workforce by promoting green job training are vital steps towards achieving an ecofriendly building culture.The online economic uncertainty may suppress numbers of energy efficient homes, particularly if residents are not well educated on the benefits of such homes. As such, the awareness of energy efficient homes among realtors and residential home buyers/builders remains relatively low. Al ong with endorsing for energy efficient homes comes the responsibility for ratings. It is incumbent upon the program to assure that a robust system for identifying and communicating quality issues exists to wield the credibility of the savings and certifications offered.Not only must the design of the house be energy efficient but also the appliances used in spite of appearance the house. For this, it is important to promote the purchase of efficient home heating, cooling and water heating equipment, and the quality installation of such equipment. Its long-term goal is to make the high quality installation of high efficiency residential equipment the norm in the market.BARRIERS TO ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME CONSTRUCTIONThe program must continue to address several market barriers to achieve its goals such as, the consumers softness to differentiate, and therefore value, the difference between a poor quality construction and a good quality construction and installations, the consumers l ack of information on the benefits (both energy and non-energy) of quality installations, efficient equipment and low value perception of contractor and the sense of difficulty to program participation. These barriers can be overcome by endorsing the use of ENERGY STAR-qualified energy-efficient water heaters and gas heating equipment high efficiency electric cooling and heating equipment installation of solar domestic water heating systems accurate analysis of building cooling and heating load and the proper sizing and selection of cooling and heating equipment according to effected industry standards.WATER CONSERVATIONWater conservation is another vital component of an energy efficient house. There are various tether designs for rainwater growth system but the general outlined over is that it collects water from a detonator top which is linked with a roof pipe which is then directed to a storage tank which is either outside or inside the building. These designs for storage o f water ranges from simple rain barrel which is placed at the bottom fitted with a motor, which helps in lachrymation the plants to extensive water tank systems that can provide an adequate beat of the water that someone uses. It has also come up with new preaching and filtration technique to make rainwater harvesting easy relatively.DESIGN OF rain HARVESTING SYSTEMRainwater harvesting systems can either be incorporated into a new construction or be installed in existing buildings. A basic system that is used of rainwater harvesting includes a basic roof, roof drains, gutters and a piping system to place water to the storage tank or from the storage tank or cistern to meet the required need. Storage tanks can be either outside or inside, below or above the ground, or partially below the ground or partially above the ground. The best place to fit the storage tank will be the basements as this helps the water get its gravity and also be protected from freezing. There is a huge va riety of rain water collection systems and individual components available commercially in the market.CRITEREA FOR SELECTION OF HARVESTING SYSTEMSEach rain water harvesting system is unique and should be evaluated separately. Proper sizing is important when designing rain water harvesting systems. It is essential to know how much rainwater is expected to collect and how much water is expected to be used. Determining the right sizing will affect installation cost, operation, and on-going maintenance. evidenceThe average family spends about 2000 to 4000 rupees per month on electricity. Knowing where exactly this capital goes can help plan usage and reduce the power bill. electricity provides many of the conveniences enjoyed every day. Making informed decisions about how electricity is used can help meet the need for energy better without having to build additional power generating plants. The Energy efficient housing plans have established ambitious goals for energy efficiency. Curr ently available efficiency measures, and the initiatives that devolve them, will not be able to achieve these goals.AIMIn concern, with the above factors the aim is to build a realistic, energy efficient house for a nuclear family with moderate rooms and room sizes. In this practical(prenominal) house, energies like water, electricity, domestic devastate and environmental impacts will be prevented and shall be maintained properly. These energies can be maintained by adopting automatic lights in some areas of the house and having automatic taps in bathrooms also by adding up renewable energy like solar energy and by encouraging some new techniques from home exnora. Since, India is not contributing for renewable energy in a high level each houses can be built with renewable energy source with the individual gratify of the people so, there will be no power cuts in future. EXNORA Excellent Novel Radical, home exnora includes many techniques in maintaining a good environment. They also have several techniques to recycle and reuse domestic waste water and wastes. Such techniques can be used in the virtual house to sustain an energy efficient house in Tamil Nadu.

Background And Pathophysiology Of Schizophrenia Psychology Essay

Background And Pathophysiology Of Schizophrenia Psychology EssaySchizophrenia is a unspeakable chronic psychotic person disorder associated with the brain and is characterised by symptoms classified into trinity major categories domineering, veto and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms include h wholeucinations, delusions and thought disorder. proscribe symptoms consist of social withdrawal and flattening of emotional responses. In addition to this, deficits in cognitive function such as attention and memory argon withal often present in schizophrenic patients unitedly with dread and depression. (Rang, 2007) (Lewis J A Lieberman 2000)Studies energise shown some(prenominal) neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, glutamate and dopamine to be involved in processes guide to the expression of the symptoms experienced in schizophrenic disorder. Among these, the dopamine conjecture has received the most attention and it get out be the focal point of this look for.Serot onin, an essential neurotransmitter, has its place in explaining schizophrenia by trying to explain the ele workforcets of the disorder which were initially unexplained. This consisted of the negative symptoms and the actions of antipsychotic agents. Its role was recognise in the 1950s when it was discover how similar serotonin was to LSD (lysergic stifling diethylamide). LSD ca wasting diseases psychotic symptoms as it competes with serotonin and occupies its sense organ sites. A usual antipsychotics as well as blocking dopamine sense organs, too act as 5-HT receptor oppositions. This guesswork was confirmed when typical antipsychotics were combined with a 5-HT2 ant champion such as ritanserin. This military issueed in relief of negative symptoms and extrapyramidal view install. (Sadock, 2000)Glutamate has also been implicated in schizophrenia. This hypothesis is derived from evidence using PCP, a glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist. Administ scabion produces psychotic sy mptoms and cognitive dysfunction in healthy subjects (Krystal et al. 1994) and negative cognitive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. (Lahti et al. 1995) Phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine, also glutamate NMDA receptor antagonists, provide psychotic symptoms in humans. Studies acquit also shown that in that location is reduction in glutamate receptor density and glutamate concentration in post-mortem brains of schizophrenic patients. (Rang 2007)The most common theory relating to schizophrenia is the dopamine atomic number 53. The first formulation of the dopamine hypothesis suggests that purposeless mesolimbic dopamine is the reason for the positive symptoms. The evidence that this idea was based on included amphetamine abuse which increased synaptic dopamine tip to delusions (Laruelle et al. 1996) and that all antipsychotic do mediciness block dopamine D2 receptors.As this theory implied trim dopamine is responsible for positive symptoms, what is responsible for th e negative and cognitive symptoms? Well, inquiry has shown that negative and cognitive symptoms ar the result of deficient dopamine in the pre fontal cortex due to D1 receptor dysfunction (K. L. Davis et al. 1991)There acquit been practicable definitions of schizophrenia unquestionable in an attempt the reliability of the diagnosis The internationalistic Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical method (DSM-IV-TR) and two contain lists of criteria notwithstanding also insist that symptoms must bring forth persisted for 6 months.PICTURESchizophrenia normally presents itself in late adolescence or in early adult life (Kirkbride et al. 2006) with males having an earlier onset than females. In the UK, the typify age of first admission is about 22 years for men and 27 years for women. (Castle R M Murray 1991)Females also tend to fall in fewer negative symptoms and a better take than males.According to leading ex perts in this disorder, they have set that it is ca utilize my many work outs. One major factor is genetics, and schizophrenia draws in 10% of pack who have parents, brother or sister (first degree relatives) with the disorder. People who have grandparents, cousins or aunts and uncles (second degree relatives) also develop this disorder a lot more than the general public. (Kendler et al. 1993) approximately principal(prenominal)ly, the risk is at its greatest for a person who has a reduplicate with schizophrenia. (Irving Gottesman 1991)PICTURESeveral genes are related with the risk of schizophrenia but formerly it was believed thither is no particular gene that is responsible for the complaint itself. Studies have shown that people with schizophrenia also have many antiquated gene mutations which involve many genes and disrupt the growth of the brain.However in juvenile times, new seek has shown there may be several susceptible genes. One such gene is DISC1 which could be linked to the discipline and intercession of schizophrenia. DISC1 plays a key role in the growth of soul neurons. Mutated Disrupted in Schizophrenia (DISC1) gene is seen to disrupt the growth and development of cells in the brain. When DISC1 levels were reduced in mice, cells in the brain fai take to divide and the mice developed symptoms that mimicked schizophrenia in humans. (REFERENCE IMPORTANT ONE)Other than genes, environmental factors are in all likelihood outstanding in the development of schizophrenia. These include exposure to infections, immunocompromised, stress and macrocosm in contact with toxic chemicals during childhood may slightly manipulate brain development. (Marcel ET AL REFERENCE 1999)Chlorpromazine was the first drug discovered to have antipsychotic properties, followed by haloperidol which was widely prescribed. This is an example of typical first generation medical examination specialtys and produced D2 receptor blockade. By 1980, second generati on maverick drugs were out, most notably clozapine which was seen to be more potent in shell outing chronic patients. These had the do goods of also reducing negative symptoms and extreme side effectuate.pharmaceutic companies in the 1990s started to take advantage of clozapine and develop drugs without its side set up and olanzapine is another popular uncharacteristic drug.In 2005, there was a case through with(p) known as the CATIE study, in the USA, compare the metier of antipsychotic drugs in clinical settings. It was seen that there were high rates of discontinuation 64-82% over 18 months, due to patients not being able to bear side effectuate. Lack of efficacy was also found for all antipsychotic drugs in the study, although olanzapine was most effective (terms of discontinuation rates) than other drugs in the study. patronage this, olanzapine was associated with greater weight gain and increase glycosylated haemoglobin, cholesterol and triglycerides. These changes could have heartbreaking implications such as development of metabolic syndrome. (Jeffrey A. Lieberman et al. 2005)So why use or develop Chinese herb ex parcel of lands as a sanativeal tool for schizophrenia?Although antipsychotic medical specialty is salve the foundation for the preaching in schizophrenia, it still leaves some people with unbearable side effects and distressing symptoms.The most common side effects are Parkinsonism, dystonia and akathisia and are most common with haloperidol and fluphenazine. (Schillevoort et al. 2001) (Levinson et al. 1990) Dystonic spasms affect the neck muscles tongue and face, and occur within a few days of discussion and are obsess at high doses. Akathisia is the restless leg syndrome and is characterised by great urges to give notice and difficulty in sitting still. Anti-cholinergic drugs can relieve these symptoms they should not be effrontery routinely as they also cause side effects such as blurred vision, constipation, dry mout h and euphoria. It is also important to remember that not all patients will get side effects from taking antipsychotics. other long term side effect is tardive dyskinesia which is slow irregular movements particularly in the regions of the mouth, lips and protrusion of the tongue. Approximately 5% of the patients on antipsychotic medication developing this each year, but there is evidence that the incidence may be declining with increasing use of atypical antipsychotics. (Tarsy Baldessarini 2006)Due to the side effects, herbal tea medicines are comm solitary(prenominal) used for psychiatric purposes in both the developed and developing countries. (Walter Rey 1999) Studies have shown that some Chinese herbal medicines are effective for psychosis and that if used in conjunction with westbound medication, they enhance antipsychotic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Another important aspect is that, Chinese herbs may be more accessible, acceptable and cheaper than drugs already available.Chinese herbal medication includes plants, fungi, resins, animal and mineral substances which are effrontery within a formula which typically consist of 4 to 12 herbs. Administration is in the form of decoctions, pills, powders, tablets, phials and as standardized plant extracts.Chinese herbal medication has been known to treat schizophrenia for over 2000 years although the methods used in Traditional Chinese medicine to diagnose and treat schizophrenia differs from that used in western medicine. In western medicine, it is usually diagnosed by criteria such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) but in Traditional Chinese Medication, its diagnosed by the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorder (CCMD). icon shows the difference among diagnosing and treating Schizophrenia using conventional and Chinese herbal medicationTraditional Chinese medicine unalikeiates schizophrenia into syndromes which determine th e course of treatment. and so if two people are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia could have different clinical features (syndromes) therefore will require different medications. Each syndrome has a specific herbal formulation, but patients typically have mixed clinical features therefore they require precise formulations made by adding or subbing herbs. (Rathbone et al. 2007)Hype or hope? Is there really a benefit of using Chinese herbs as a therapeutic tool of schizophrenia?There have been several clinical trials done using Chinese herbal medication in the treatment of schizophrenia. One of the earlier studies was done using Dang gui cheng qi tang as the herbal medication given to the treatment concourse without the addition of the antipsychotic chlorpromazine which the command group received. The setting was in a hospital and participants were divided into groups randomly. It was account that no participants left the groups early and the result showed that the global state of matter outcome not improved /worse favoured the control group receiving chlorpromazine. (Rathbone et al. 2007) These results should be handle with caution given design limitations such as it being only conducted for 20 days, but nevertheless do not support that herbal medication should be used by itself for the treatment of schizophrenia.Further research and trials have been done which has incorporated using herbal medication together with an antipsychotic versus an antipsychotic alone. In 1997, Chinese herbal medications Dang gui cheng qi tang or xiao plus an antipsychotic was given to a treatment group compared to just the antipsychotic given to the control group. The allocation was randomized, lasted for 12 weeks and included hospital as well as community setting. The result showed that the treatment group come tod significantly lower for the outcome of global state not improved/worse than the control group. (Rathbone et al. 2007)Global data score from the Clinical Global I mpression graduated table (a rating scale meter severity of symptoms, treatment response and efficacy of treatment) also favoured treatment groups that took the herbal medication plus antipsychotic. ginkgo biloba was used with an antipsychotic for the treatment group in 1996 (Rathbone et al. 2007) and Shui zhi and Da huang were used with chlorpromazine. There were side effects associated with taking antipsychotics and taking herbal medications with antipsychotics showed that extra pyramidal side effects still arose. Constipation was however lower in the treatment group. (Rathbone et al. 2007)In 2001, Zhang et al did a study giving a treatment group Ginkgo biloba with haloperidol with the control group only receiving the latter. When compared, the study showed there was no difference between treatment group and control group when comparing negative symptoms and also when looking at Brief Psychiatric range Scale scores. However, the scale of positive symptoms did marginally favour the treatment group. (Rathbone et al. 2007)For all studies done in the past, we have to be aware that application of Chinese herbal medication is based on syndrome differentiation with failure of applying this differentiation resulting in ineffective or harmful treatment. There is no cover evidence that when given alone, Chinese herbal medications offer benefits which are contact or even greater than antipsychotic drugs. When the herbal drugs are used with antipsychotics, they may offer improvement in symptoms but as there is still limited evidence in regards to Chinese herbs and traditional Chinese medication, this approach must still be considered new and more probe is needed.Stepholidine is an active ingredient of the Chinese herb Stephania intermedia Lo, and belongs to an alkaloid group tetra-hydroberberine. (S. X. Xu et al. 1989)Initial research had shown that Stepholidine decreased stock pressure without exerting any adverse effects on the heart as well as exhibiting anal gesia and any sedating effects on the central nervous system.Recent studies have shown stepholidine to be a pioneering drug in the treatment of schizophrenia because it is a dopamine D1 receptor agonist and a D2 receptor antagonist. Due to the pathogenesis of this disease suggests the dysfunction of D1 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex, which is accompanied by hyperactivity of D2 receptors in subcortical regions such as ventral tegmental theater (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), when developing a antipsychotic drug should possess dual agonistic and antagonistic actions on the receptor. Stepholidine and its analogues tick these two important boxes.Stepholidine acts through D1 receptors to increase adenylyl cyclase activity and subsequent signalling pathways regulated by adenylyl cyclase might be responsible for the physiological responses, including rotational behaviour and changes in the firing activity of the neurons induced by Stepholidine.By contrast, Stepholidine i nhibits both D2 auto-receptor talk terms feedback inhibition of dopamine containing neurons and D2 receptor mediated effects on cigarette non dopamine containing neurons. (Guo-Zhang Jin et al. 2002)There are several symptoms related to schizophrenia and insomnia is one of the most common. This could be partly related to the over-activity of the dopaminergic system. There has been a study done to show whether stepholidine modulates sleep behaviours. This was done in mice and the sleep-wake profiles were observed. From this study it has been reason out that stepholidine significantly increased the amount of NREM sleep and prolonged the date of NREM sleep episodes, with reduction in the amount of wakefulness. Stepholidine had no effect on either the amount of REM sleep. Because it master(prenominal)tains NREM sleep in mice, it is suggested that it has the potential to be also used in the treatment of insomnia. (Qiu et al. 2009)Figure 1 shows the dual action of Stepholidine. Dopami ne (DA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The schizophrenia hypothesis suggests that D1 receptor dysfunction in the mPFC leads to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the D2 receptor hyperactivity in the sub-cortex nuclei leads to the positive symptoms of this disorder 1-4. The D1 receptor agonist effect of SPD in the mPFC is suggested to better the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas the D2 receptor antagonist effect of SPD that predominates in the sub-cortex would improve the positive symptomsThe Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) awarded a grant of Canadian $330,000 to Dr. Shitji Kapur and Dr. David Mamo in 2006 to study L-Stepholidine. The work they would do would be built up from previous knowledge of the drug already known. They conducted preclinical studies in rats and it showed to be a very promising compound. The goal then was to give it to humans and tone its D2 binding in an attempt at showing it indeed is a D2 drug in vivo using PET, and also estimate its expected therapeutic dose for futurity clinical studies. Having had several correspondences Dr Mamo, he has informed me that the main company in China had stopped the exertion of Stepholidine and for ensuring that the compound is thoroughgoing(a) without any contaminants and to assure the local regulatory authority the research was a safe study, they decided not to use stepholidine from China. Dr Kapur and Dr Mamo then collaborated with a apothecary to synthesize stepholidine in a lab. Synthesis was fine, but the problem was that they couldnt scale up the production to gram scale. A chemist had told him with further work, production was possible, but the SMRI was not willing to wait for this. The funding had to be given up but not for the reason that the drug wasnt showing promise.Another drawback in stepholidine is its bioavailability. Drugs given orally, acting on the centra l nervous system, should have good bioavailability and good blood brain barrier penetration. In rat based assays, it was seen that stepholidine, when administered orally, was poorly available to general circulation but could cross the blood brain barrier easily, resulting in good entry into the brain. Stepholidine was also found to have good permeability of the membrane that was not affected by efflux transporters such as P-gp or MRP2. Stepholidine which was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract was also rapidly eliminated by glucuronidation of phenolic hydroxyl group, and less by sulphation, methylation, demethylation and /or N-oxidation. This poor bioavailability achieved by stepholidine could be due to the extensive pre systemic metabolism. A way to overcome this would be to develop pro-drugs, which would be chemically modified versions of stepholidine which will undergo enzymatic or chemical mutation for the active drug to be released. Example of this might be to deepen th e hydroxyl groups of stepholidine. (Sun et al. 2009)Due to its poor bioavailability, there has been significant development in recently towards the modification of stepholidine by development of series of derived functions. One derivative that has improved bioavailability while maintain the pharmacological properties of stepholidine, is bi-acetylated l-stepholidine.In recent times, although there has been an increase in material prosperity and growing success of traditional western medication, there has been an overall increase in psychotic disorders especially schizophrenia. Psychiatric patients not only want their symptoms to disappear, they also want to stretch to lead a normal life without all their troubles. Psychiatric patients have better resources for the treatment now than ever before, but due to buy at disappointments in western medication especially due to its side effects there has been increased growth of alternative and complementary methods in the treatment of pati ents. Sometimes patients also seek help from spell breakers, exorcists and herbalists.In recent times, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) approximately 80% of people in the world have relied on herbs in satisfying their medical care needs, and developed countries such as Germany, Italy and even the USA have shown a dramatic increase in herbal medicine consumption.Stepholidine had led the way in recent drug discovery with it being both a D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist activity. This is a unique(p) pharmacological characteristic of DH-THPBs (dihydro) and will be vital in the future when developing new antipsychotic drugs. More so, another DH-THPB, 12-chloroscoulerine has been found to have more potent dual action than stepholidine.In this project, I will analyse research done with stepholidine in regards to it being a therapeutic tool in the treatment of schizophrenia.Word count 2,992

Mise En Scene Analysis Of Titanic Film Studies Essay

Mise En Scene Analysis Of big photographic ask Stu go acrosss EssayIn this chapter, content analysis leave behind be utilize to analyze the ingest titanic in qualitative perspectives from the five mise-en- circumstance particles ( playing elbow room, vista, quadriceps femoris, vestments and luminousness) and similarly the focus yr to find fall out ideological elements that visualised in this lead. in any event that, the reporting of the discussion in the focus chemical group which is based on the four themes overly pull up stakes be included. put f freeze offpot be used to amplify fits emotions or the dominant biliousness of a choose it overly stinkpot establish aspects of the font. In the icon titanic, at that place were just two conniptions in this flick, the palliate channelize, and in like manner the RMS titanic. The salvage transfer was intimately taken bum at the beginning disassociate of the film. This is the wor queer ad habiliment a ppargonl of the treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his aggroup members who explored the wreck of the RMS HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_ bigTitanic in the Atlantic Ocean they are searching for a necklace named the Heart of the Ocean. They arouse found out a draw of a bare adult fe masculine wearing it, the date was writing at the skand so forth April 14, 1912, which was the night the RMS Titanic sinking by bash the iceberg. The old arise Dawson has recognized the nude woman in the sketch is her. So, she and her gallantdaughter visit the treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team on this salvage transport. move recalls her memories about the RMS Titanic while say question from Brock Lovett. So, this setting is the secondary setting in this film, the main setting is the RMS Titanic.The main setting RMS Titanic is consists of indoor and outdoor(a). The indoor of RMS Titanic got several(prenominal) take aims the focal ratio take is the extravagant hall, restaur ant, church, VIP direction and so on. It has created a sense of high program culture audiences will charter that the speed level is for the high level and inscrutable deal. The spurn level is meagrely contrast with the higher level, the restaurant and room of the lower level is ostensibly low standard, non much decoration, the upper levels room is big and lead the king size of it bed, simply the lower levels room is lowly and alone gather in the double-decker bed set, so each small room need to fit a few slew, it has created a sense of the place for lower level or low people.The outdoor of the RMS Titanic is video display the grand of the ship. Several picture show was taken place at the outdoor of RMS Titanic which is the facial expression that the main record jackass was so unrestrained to mystify into the RMS Titanic, he shout out I am the king of the world. The convulsion that the main char makeer come up want to commit suicide to jump into the sea, diddly-squat was stop him and says You jump I jump, the dialogue was memorable. The temporary scene that the main character ruddiness was holding by horseshit, stand up high and blush says I pot fly, this is one of the memorable romanticistic scene that was taken place at the outdoor of RMS Titanic.Acting moodThe playing demeanor refers to the character playing in the film, which is the actor or actress in the film. The acting flare is important because the actor/actress is the that element has movement in the scene. There cast triplet main characters in this film which is red cent Dawson, Rose DeWitt Bukater, and Caledon Nathan Cal Hockley. Leonardo DiCaprio as bastard Dawson, jack is a penniless Wisconsin man who has toured various parts of the world, primarily Paris. At the beginning of this film, Jack has wins two third-class tickets onto the RMS Titanic in a salamander game and travels with his friend Fabrizio. He is attracted to Rose at kickoff piling a nd meets her when she wants to jump into the sea to commit suicide. This accident enables him to mix with the brilliant passengers for a night, and too starts a love story with another main character, Rose.Rose DeWitt Bukater was acted by Kate Winslet. Rose is a 17-year-old girl in this film, she is originally from Philadelphia, in order to maintain their high-class status, she forced into an utilization to 30-year-old Caledon Hockley Cal by and by her fathers dying had left the family debt-ridden. Rose boards the RMS Titanic with her fianc Cal and her mother Ruth, as a premiere-class passenger, and she meets Jack and starts their love story on the ship. Another main character is Caledon Nathan Cal Hockley acted by Billy Zane. He is Roses 30-year-old fianc, and he is the main antagonist of this film. His feature is arrogant and snobbish. The relationship of Rose and Jack was made him increasingly embarrassed, jealous, and cruel. He was commits suicide aft(prenominal) losin g his fortune in the Wall Street collapse of 1929. in addition that, the corroborationing characters too playing an important role in this film. They are Rose Dawson Calvert, Brock Lovett, Ruth DeWitt Bukater, and also Margaret HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_BrownHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_BrownMollyHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_BrownHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brown Brown. Gloria Stuart as Rose Dawson Calvert, she is the character of 100-year-old Rose. She gives Brock Lovett some information regarding to the Heart of the Ocean. She tells the story of her time aboard the ship she is the one who narrate in this story. Brock Lovett was acted by Bill Paxton, he is a treasure hunter that looking for the Heart of the Ocean in the sketch that found from the present RMS Titanic. This character was wild ambition, and he posterior reflects at the end of the film, says he has never unders in additiond the story of Ti tanic until he hears Roses story.Ruth DeWitt Bukater is Roses mother, acted by Frances Fisher. She is Roses widowed mother she arranges Rose engagement to Cal in order to maintain her familys high-class status aft(prenominal)ward her preserve died. She believes that affectionate position is much important than her daughter. She looks piling to Jack, although he protected her daughters life. This character was created a sense of arrogant and selfish. Margaret HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_BrownHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_BrownMollyHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_BrownHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brown Brown, acted by Kathy Bates. Because of her sudden wealth, she is looked pig by other first-class women, including Ruth, Roses. She is never looks down and friendly to Jack, she lends Jack a tuxedo when he is invited to dinner in the first-class dine saloon. Her friendly was created the sense of positive to this character.LightingLighting is emphasizing on the texture, distance, mood, shape, season, glamour, time of day or night. In this analysis, we have divided the movie as three part, which is the beginning part (The salvage ship is using the submarine to treasure hunting at RMS Titanic that under the sea), advance action part (When Rose aboard to the Titanic and meet Jack), the windup and ending part (after the Titanic hit the iceberg).so, the beginning part for the most part used the low key discharge when treasure hunting the RMS Titanic that under the sea, the low key light was created the mood of under the sea, they further used the spotlight of submarine to illuminate some part of the RMS Titanic, it has give tongue to the sense of the sadness and loneliness of the RMS Titanic.The rising action part is after the main character Rose aboard to the Titanic and meets Jack we contrisolelye see the high key with yellow lighting at the upper level on the ship. This created the s ense of high-culture and extravagant to the scene. For example, the scene of Jack first step into the dorm of the upper class level, the high-key lighting has contrasting the lower level with normal lighting. So, audiences underside feel the extravagant of the upper level and also the simple and crude of the lower level. The scene of the working place for the worker is using lower key lighting, its conveys the working environment of the subsist level at the time.The climax part is after the Titanic hit the iceberg and going to sinking. Most of the scene is used the low-key lighting in order to conveys the sense of the death of Titanic. This is starchyly contrasting with the grand and extravagant of the Titanic, envisioning how the Titanic has been destroyed and how the tender-hearted try to hold up in this happening. Because the RMS Titanic is at the center of Atlantic Ocean, and its on midnight, so the environment close to the Titanic is dark, and also the Titanic was sink ing, so the lighting will be darker by step-by-step.So, in this film, contrary uses of lighting has dally different meaning to the scene, at the most last scene, at that place have memorialiseing the present Titanic with low-key lighting and dissolve to the high-key lighting of the extravagant corridor and lobby, its boffo to attract audiences mind and contrasting the present and the last time of RMS Titanic.CostumeCostume refers to the clothes that the characters wearing in the scene, collect-ups also categorized under this element. The main character Jack Dawson has wearing at least two deck ups in this film which are the Bib clothe ensemble that include the bid shirt, corduroy pants and suspenders, this created the sense of character that the lower standard traveler. Jack was wearing the tuxedo set that borrowed from brothel keeper Molly when he is invited to dinner in the first-class dining saloon.Besides that, the main character Rose DeWitt Bukater has changed at least seven different fig up in this film, most of her costume is extravagant Victorian dress and aristocrat costume in order to envisioned her as the higher-class people in the film. The antagonist character in this film Cal is always wearing the gentlemen suit and tuxedo in order to make him look more high-class in the film.For the supporting cast such(prenominal)(prenominal) corresponding the Roses mother, peeress Molly and also others high-level ladies, they are wearing autooler costume which include a hat, this is popular to the high-level ladies at the time, for the gentlemen in this romp was wearing gentlemen costume in this film. Low-level ladies and gentlemen are wearing the suit and dress with low quality. And also the ship crews are wearing their similar at all the time.Space ArrangementThe space disposition refers to the depth, proximity, size and proportions of the places and objects in a scene that can be manipulated with the camera position, camera crack cocain e and so on. There have few interest scene in this film has been taken for the analysis. The first scene that Rose recall back is Rose going aboard to the Titanic, the detail supposition from high angle to her costumer, telling audience that Rose is belongs to the privileged class, this shot has enhanced the meaning by the voice-over which is To me it was a slave ship victorious me back to America in chains. Outwardly I was e rattlingthing a well-brought-up girl should be. Inside I was screaming. E preciseone looked Titanic as a dream moreover not to Rose.The shot of the Titanic cross the sea and overstep others small gravy boat in the sea has created the meaning that the Titanic is grand. During the night, Rose racetrack out from the restaurant and wants to jump out from the ship, the high angle shots has appears to make a contrast of the large of sea and the small of human. When Jack first time enter the first class lobby, the tilt up to the crown and follow shot of Jack has created the sense that the first class lobby is tall and wide, which means extravagant and also contrasting with the lower-class. The shot that Jack drawing the Roses nude pictures, close-up to their Roses centerfields to convey the sense of Rose are tactile sensation sweet and she is willing to be raw(a) in comportment of the guys who she loved.The shot that tilt up to Rose that inside the save boat and tilt up to Jack that unsounded at the ship, masking their eye contact and Rose thinking to going back to the ship. This scene is mournful and created the meaning that they are not willing to separate. After the ship sank, Rose was lying on the wood. The tilt down shot created the meaning that human is the smallest item in the nature. At the end, close-up to the eyes of older Rose after she finished the story, this make a sense of vicissitudes of time, Rose has been old, but she is s coin bank cerebrate the happening of the unforgettable night.These five mise-en-scene elemen ts (setting, acting style, costume, space order of battle and lighting) are well done in the film Titanic, this is deserved to be the best Oscars film of the year. Based on this analysis, this has achieved the objective of find out the five mise-en-scene elements those are seen in the film Titanic.4.2 Reporting of Focus convention Discussions responder M1 concern Andy sexual activity Male affable class transmit age 22answerer F1Name EwenGender FemaleCourse BroadcastingAge 22 responder F2Name ChloeGender FemaleCourse BroadcastingAge 22 answering F3Name FishGender FemaleCourse BroadcastingAge 21Respondent F4Name KissGender FemaleCourse BroadcastingAge 21The above respondents name is anonymous due to confidential purpose mind 1 The most preferred mise-en-scene element when viewing a filmM1 I am most preferred acting style. Because a proficient acting style can lead the movie into higher level and credit for the whole artwork. For example in the film Titanic, Jack is laborious ha rd to protect Rose and completed the mission impossible. I am most not preferred lighting when viewing a film.F1 Acting style. This is because if the actor and actress acting style are actually poor, I will have no interest in it. But I am more preferred to costume when I am espouseing Titanic, because it can let me chicane about the costumes of last snow of England and differences of costumes between rich and poor people. I am not preferred the space musical arrangement when viewing a film.F2 I am preferred acting style, setting and costume. Because those others elements only can guide audience fall into their movie. When jack wring rose in front of the ship, the scene very prudish and romantic where action the 5 elements of mise-en-scene. I am not preferred space arrangement.F3 Agree I am preferred acting style but not preferred space arrangement. Because the acting style of character can enhance the plot line of film. But when I check overing the film Titanic, I am more preferred the setting in this film. The setting in the film that mostly is in the ship is suitable and luxurious setting, show the social status of some character.F4 I am agree with F3, I am preferred the setting when viewing a film. I like the setting of the movie because I like the titanic cruise. I am not preferred to the lighting.Theme 2 Ideological elements portrayed in the film TitanicM1 There have race studies, class studies, and postcolonial studies that portrayed in the film Titanic. The most memorable for me is class studies, lower class people playing lousy instrumental and sing topical anaesthetic stress under the ship. High class people play violin, piano and etc.F1 There have Class Studies that I have found in the film Titanic. Class studies is memorable to me because in this film always show that different class of people will get different treatment.F2 head for the hills studies were portrayed in this film, because it shows the different races in the ship.F3 Clas s studies. Because this film has shows social status obviously by means of their lifestyle. And it also shows that same social status should be group together.F4 Same with M1, F1 and F3. Class studies is portrayed in this film because the status symbol in the movie is world portray most of the time especially the higher class will look down at the lower class.Theme 3 The most memorable scene in the film TitanicM1 The most memorable scene for me is Jack lets Rose lying on wood but he die in the cold ocean. Feel touching, romantic and scarifies and this man are strong without worry shake attack. Their acting is too real like piteous plight audience can feel the pain and sadness. There also have others memorable scene such as drawing naked body, make love inside the car, you jump Im jump.F1 The most memorable for me is after the ship sank, when Jack and Rose in the sea, because Jack is very mighty, he allow Rose go up to the float board that only can support one person and keep remi nd Rose that, she need to digest and cant die. He chill out holds Roses hand tightly, although he is died. It authentically very touches. The lighting and acting style are credited. This is because at this scene, the lighting only focuses on Jack and Rose face. So that, we can more focus on their face expression to more get into the storyline. An old couple clenchs together and lying down on bed, when Jack and Rose dance at the lower class party also memorable to me.F2 I still remember the scene that both of them compact in front of the ship, having sex in a car, Jack displace Roses naked body and Jack slowly freezing to die in the iceberg ocean. The most memorable scene for me is when Jack hug Rose in front of the ship, because the scene very nice and romantic where fulfilled the 5 elements of mise-en-scene.F3 Scene of conversation between Jack and Rose when the ship sinking. Because the words that spoken by Jack is touching, I am persuasion sad because they are going to apa rt forever. The setting has did well because there is spectacular during the ship is sinking.F4 The ship torn into two and everyone is falling from the ship. It is very spectacular. The acting style of the main character is good in this scene. They act very real although I know it is not real.Theme 4 Comment towards the film TitanicM1 Good and successful movie. Everyone knows Titanic and everyone pull in Titanic even children today also watch.F1 Although Titanic is an old movie, but it is still very nice if comparing with the movie nowadays. It really very touches. This film was successful because it still let people remember till now.F2 Titanic is a film that never be forgotten by the people. I think this film is successful because I still can slightly remember the film even I watched it at around 9/10 years old. Its almost 12 years ago.F3 Titanic is a successful love story with love affair storyline, acting style of character is good. A lot of people still remember the storyline of Titanic although it released for many years.F4 Titanic is a classic movie that you have to watch in your life time. Everyone knows about Titanic. Even they dint watch in the first place but heard before. This is classic, nice and successful movie.4.2.1 stocky of the Reporting on the Focus Group DiscussionThrough the reporting concerning to the focus group discussion, there have five of the respondent that consist of one male and four female, four of them state that they are preferred acting style when viewing a film. Respondent M1 give tongue to he preferred acting style, because the good acting style can lead the movie into higher level and credit for the whole artwork. Respondent F1 preferred acting style, she utter that she will have no interest to certain film that the poor performance of actor or actress. But she is giving impute to the costume in the film Titanic, because giving her the knowledge about the England last century poor and rich people costumes. Respondent F2 has chosen three elements as her preferred mise-en-scene elements which are the acting style, setting and costume, because the lighting and space arrangement only can guide audience fall into their movie. Respondent F3 verbalize that she is preferred acting style when viewing certain film the campaign is the acting style of character can enhance the storyline of film. She said that she is more preferred the setting in the film Titanic, because the setting in this film that mostly is in the ship, it is suitable and luxurious setting, show the social status of some character in this film.Besides that, Respondent F4 has not preferred acting style but setting when viewing a film, she said that it is because she likes the Titanic cruise. M1 and F4 are not preferred lighting and also F1, F2 and F3 are not preferred space arrangement when viewing a film.Four of the respondents realize that the class study is strongly portrayed in the film Titanic. One of the respondents thinks that t here were only race studies portrayed in this film. Respondent M1 said that the most memorable scene of class studies for him is the lower class peoples are playing lousy instrumental and sing the local song at the lower floor of the ship, but the high class peoples are playing violin, piano and so on. He also verbalize that there also have portrayed the race studies and postcolonial studies in the film Titanic. Respondent F1 said that the class studies is memorable to her because there is always showing different classes of people can get different treat in the ship. Respondent F2 said that the race studies were portrayed in this film, because the film has shows there have different races passengers in the ship. Respondent F3 said that the class studies were portrayed in the film Titanic, because this film has shows social status obviously through their lifestyle. And it also shows that same social status should be group together. Respondent F4 has agree with the class studies, be cause the status symbol in this film is being portrayed most of the time especially the higher class will look down at the lower class.For the most memorable scene in the film Titanic, only respondent M1 and F1 have the similar answer, others three respondents have different point of view. The respondent M1 said that the most memorable scene for him is Jack lets Rose lying on wood but he died in the cold ocean. This scene is touching, romantic and scarifies and this man are strong without worry shake attack. He also giving ascribe to the acting style in this film, he said their acting is too real like suffering plight audience can feel the pain and sadness even only in front of the screen. Respondent M1 also recall back several memorable scene such as drawing naked body, make love inside the car and you jump Im jump scene. The respondent F1 said that the most memorable for her is after the ship sank, when Jack and Rose in the sea, Jack is very mighty, he allowed Rose go up to the w ood that only can support one person and keep remind Rose that, she need to live and cant die. He still holds Roses hand tightly, although he is died. It really very touches. Respondent F1 has credited to the lighting and acting style of this scene. This is because the lighting only focuses on Jack and Rose face. So that audiences can be more focus on their face expression to more get into the storyline. Respondent F1 also recall back some memorable scene such as an old couple hugs together and lying down on bed, when Jack and Rose dance at the lower class party.Besides that, the respondent F2 said that she still remember a lot of scene in this film such as the scene that both of them hug in front of the ship, having sex in a car, Jack move Roses naked body and Jack slowly freezing to die in the iceberg ocean. Respondent F2 said that the most memorable scene for her is when Jack hug Rose in front of the ship, because the scene very nice and romantic where fulfilled the 5 elements o f mise-en-scene. Respondent F3 said that the most memorable scene for her is the scene of the conversation between Jack and Rose when the ship is sinking. Because the words that spoken by Jack is so touching, she said that she was feeling sad because they are going to apart forever. She also giving credits to the setting of this scene, because there is spectacular during the ship is sinking. For the respondent F4, the most memorable scene for her is the scene that the ship torn into two and everyone is falling from the ship. She said that it is very spectacular. The acting style of the main character has credited because the acting is very real although she know it is not real.All of the five respondents are giving positive comments towards the film Titanic, all of them has said the film Titanic is an successful film production. Respondent M1 said the film Titanic is a good and successful movie. Nowadays, everyone knows Titanic, and everyone have watched Titanic even children today also watch. Respondent F1 said although the film Titanic is an old movie, but it is still very nice if comparing with the present movie. She said that this film is really very touches. This film was successful because it still let people remember till now.Besides that, respondent F2 said that the film Titanic is a film that never be forgotten by the people. She thinks this film is successful because she still can slightly remember the film even she have watched it at around 9-10 years old. Its almost 12 years ago. Respondent F3 also said that this is a successful love story with romance storyline acting style of character is good. A lot of people still remember the storyline of Titanic although it released for many years. Respondent F4 also said that the film Titanic is a classic movie that everyone has to watch once in their life time. She said that everyone knows about Titanic. Even they didnt watch before but heard they have before. This is classic, nice and successful movie.As c onclusion, in the overall focus groups discussion, most of the respondent said that the film Titanic is a successful movie, a lot of the memorable scene that they still remember until today. Most of the respondent preferred acting style when viewing a film, following is the setting. And also most of the respondent agreed that the class studies ideological element has portrayed in the film Titanic.4.3 SummaryThrough the content analysis of mise-en-scene in the film Titanic, we can know about how the filmmaker is putting the five mise-en-scene elements into the scene. We can have a clear and deeply idea about the application of mise-en-scene.Besides that, through the finding from the focus group, we can know that the ideological elements portrayed in the film Titanic is class studies and the acting style is preferred when audiences viewing a film.