The Avalon Ballroom :: essays research papers

The Avalon BallroomMostly everyone has a hero, role model, or someone to side up to. These people clear significantly affect your lifestyle, and what you do. The Avalon Ballroom by Ann Hood displays this type of character as the father of Lily, the protagonist. This highly respected paterfamilias inspires her to do valety things, like to go to college at Princeton University just as he did.Lily seems to want to follow her fathers footsteps by going to Princeton University. This god-like range has affected Lilys entire family in many rooms. Lily is enthused by Trip, her father, and is obvious when she said I need to come up with $2,000 so that I can go to Princeton in the fall. Thats why I work all these stupid jobs and why I never get to go to the clubs with everyone else. Im saving every penny to go to Princeton. Dont ask me why, but going there is like the most important thing in my life.(Hood 17) Throughout the story, Lily tries very hard to get the money, and doesnt waste a ny, that it drives her to be angered with her mother when she said Im thinking, why doesnt she spell something that makes money? Maddie Hazeltons mother writes articles for magazines and gets at least $2,000 every time. I even tried to write one, but I got a rejection letter that basically said, Forget it. My mother could do it, though. One article and my problem would be solved. One article about cellulite and Id be on my way to Princeton.(Hood 20) It is unbelievable how much the characters admire him. A quote that shows the adoration for even the slightest things, such as doing what he did, is displayed by this Ive got some great news, I tell her. I got into Princeton. Princeton Ottie shrieks. A real Harper this one is. Carrying on the tradition. My, my. She beams at me and her orange lipsticked lips seem to take over her entire face.(Hood 22)This venerable man is thought about by Pearl, Lilys grandmother, and Sara, Lilys mother, every single day. This inability to accept that he is gone, and to move on, has cause them both to construct shrines These shrines ar made up of numerous possessions of Trips, and are described by this quote Pearl already has a shrine to my father. Its in his over-the-hill bedroom, which still smells vaguely of a gym locker, all socks and soap.

To Have and Have Not by Ernest Hemingway Essay -- essays research pape

To Have and Have Not by Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingways novel, To Have and Have Not, is about a man named Harry. Harry is a fisherman, and when he goes fishing he brings along a black man named Wesley. Eddy, who is a rummy, and Mr. Johnson who chartered Harrys boat also accompanied him on one of his fishing expeditions.On this fishing journey that Harry and exclusively of his colleagues had taken, Harry said to Mr. Johnson, I think youre going to have a chance to fight one today. near that time Mr. Johnson had a fish on his line. He kept on pulling on the fishing line and giving it slack. For a few moments, they all thought that the fish mighty be dead, but after he got off of the line they knew that Mr. Johnson had messed up and let the a great fish bug out away.The second fish that Mr. Johnson snagged was a black marlin. He fought and fought with the fish until his arms went numb. After a couple of minutes, the fish took the rod, the real, and the line. Harry wanted Mr. Johnso n to pay for the trailer truck that he lost, but Mr. Johnson ran off without paying. After all of his troubles with Mr. Johnson, Harry went to Donovans and had a drink, and purchased a drink for Frankie. Frankie called himself a businessman, and he would always say Me Frankie much politics. Frankie set it up so that Harry and a guy named Mr. Singer could meet to talk about a new job for Harry. They meet at the Perla. Mr. Singer was a nice looking Chink. He wanted to know about H...

Michelangelo Essay -- Biography Biographies

biography on michelangeloTrifles make pure(a)ions, and perfection is no trifle, Michelangelo once stated. He is one of the greatest artists of all time and is unmatched by any other. Michelangelo is the creator of works of sublime beauty that express the full breadth of piece condition. Yet, he was caught between conflicting powers and whims of his patrons, the Medicis of Florence and Papacys in Rome. Michelangelo was born on the sixth of March in 1475, the second of five brothers in a small town called Caprese, in Tuscany. He always considered himself to be a Florentine, as did his father. Francesca Neri, his mother, was sick and frail. As a result, he stayed with a cheer in a family of stonecutters. It was there that Michelangelo decided he wanted to become an artist. When he turned thirteen, he agreed to apprentice in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio. after one year of learning the art of fresco, he went on to study at the sculpture school at the Medici gardens. They saw h is talent and he was invited into the plate of Lorenzo the Magnificent.During the years that he spent in the Garden of San Marco, Michelangelo began to study human anatomy. He would perform autopsies on the corpses and study the muscles and bones in order to perfect his sculptures. In exchange for permission to study corpses at a church that administered a hospital, the prior received a wooden crucifix from Michelangelo. His contact with the d.o.a. bodies caused some problems...

The Arrival of the Bee Box and the Rime of the Ancient Mariner :: English Literature

In The Arrival of the Bee Box and the Rime of the Ancient Mariner,comp ar the ways in which the choice of language, specific and the form,tell us about the feelings of the writer.In both poems, a range of literacy devices are used in order toexpress the feelings of the writers. Plaths poem is written besidesto the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and yet they are different in manyways. Plath wrote her poem in 1962 and Coleridge wrote his poem in the1700s or early 1800s, and the style of penning differ, as Plathswriting seems to be more emotive, whereas Coleridges work seems tohave a more a gothic theme to it.One of the main literacy devices used in both poems is the ext abateedmetaphor. Plath uses the metaphor to show the box as a attribute of herlife and how she wants to escape from it, but cant because of theconsequences. The box is locked, it is dangerous. I think she feelstrap within her life and the depression of everything is getting toher. She wants to get out and experience o ther things, but feels thatshe has created her life and therefore must live with it, I logicalthis, this clean wood box/ I have to live with it overnight Possibly,this could be related to part of her past, where she tried to commitsuicide, in order to end her life, so that she can be free of the box.In the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, there are many metaphors withinit. As the boat travelled on its course, it came across some ice andit got stuck there. At that time the Mariner didnt know what to do.Then an Albatross came to the rescue and it cracked the ice so themariner was satisfactory to carry on his journey, at length did across anAlbatross/thorough the fog it came / As if it had been a Christensoul, / We hailed it in Gods name. / It ate the food it neer hadeat. / And round and round it flew./ The ice did split with a thunderfit/ The helmsman steered us through I think the ice was a symbolfor the limitations in life, and the barriers Coleridge has comeacross in life and he ove r come them. Also, maybe the ice was a symbolof the dangers that come with life, and once they are dealt with, youcan move along safely.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is written in loose, short balladstanzas usually either four or sextet lines long but, occasionally, as

Analysis of T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay

Analysis of T.S. Eliots The Love cry of J. Alf fierce PrufrockThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock demonstrates the effects of social and economicpressure in the life of a Victorian man. T.S. Eliot shows us, in an ironic monologue, how thereality of age and social position paralyzes his character with fear. The poem opens with six linesfrom Dante?s ?Infernio?. This particular stanza explains that the speaker is in hell and the message potful only be told to someone else in hell. The speaker tells us that it is OK for the listener to hearthe message, since in order to hear you must already be in hell and no one ever returns from there.So the message will never leave. I believe Eliot uses this message to infer that only a reader whounderstands the loneliness and desperation of Prufrock can truly understand the poem. However,in my research, I have found as many different interpretations of the poem as I have foundreaders. Most agree however, that Prufrock is speaking to the reader when he says ?you andI?(Line 1). Many readers also agree that Prufrock is a lonely man, exclusively what type of company hedesires seems to vary greatly. Interpretations include sex, social company, long term love, andeven death. I believe Prufrock yearns for the sense of belonging, both with a effeminate and with hissociety. He argues with issues of sex, age and social change.The beginning lines of the poem(1-25) paint for a very descriptive picture of the streetwhere Prufrock is walking. It also alerts the reader of Prufrock?s distaste for this world and thissociety. He describes it as ?have deserted?,?muttering?.?one-night cheap hotels? and ?sawdustrestaurants?.(5-7) He contrasts that with his destination of a ?room where women come andgo/Talking of Michelangelo?(13&14). Prufrock doesn?t give the reader much insight into histhoughts until line 26. From this line forward, we get a glimpse of what it must be like to bePrufrock. He tells us ?There will be time, there will be time/ To stand up a face to meet the facesthat you meet?(27-28), indicating repression. He must ?prepare? himself mentally to be able toput on the correct social image before he makes his ?visit?(12). The rest of the poem simplyreinforces his struggle between the way he would like to be and the reality of his life. He begins toponder the ?overwhelming question?(11) ... ...e is ?almost ridiculous--/ Almost, at times,the Fool.?(118-119)Although many of the comments and interpretations of ?The Love Song of J. AlfredPrufrock? that I have read seem to believe that the last 4 stanzas are a sign that he may break outof his shell. I believe it is the surrender of all hope and the recognition of the inconceivability ofhis desires. I think lines 120-130 are Prufrock?s way of telling us of the dream of spring chicken that hewill leave behind. He will not ?wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled?(121) nor ?wear flanneltrousers, and walk upon the beach.? These are the customs and actions of young dem on-ridden men.Men whose physical appearance and less stuffy lifestyle will attract the ?mermaids?(124). Heconcedes ?I do not think that they will peach to me.?(125) Prufrock leaves us with the thought ofhow life and society can force us from our dreams and sink us with reality. ?We have lingered inthe chambers of the sea/ By sea-girls wreathed with seeweed red and brown/ Till human voiceswake us, and we drown.?(129-131) Works CitedEliot, T. S. ?The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.? Collected Poems 1909-1962 . New York Harcourt Brace, 1963.

Analysis of T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay

Analysis of T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock demonstrates the effects of well-disposed and economicpressure in the life of a Victorian man. T.S. Eliot shows us, in an ironic monologue, how thereality of age and social position paralyzes his character with fear. The poem opens with sixsome linesfrom Dante?s ?Infernio?. This particular stanza explains that the speaker is in hell and the messagecan only be told to someone else in hell. The speaker tells us that it is OK for the attendant to hearthe message, since in order to hear you must already be in hell and no one ever returns from there.So the message leave alone never leave. I believe Eliot uses this message to infer that only a reader whounderstands the loneliness and desperation of Prufrock can truly understand the poem. However,in my research, I have found as many different interpretations of the poem as I have foundreaders. Most agree however, that Prufrock is speaking to t he reader when he says ?you andI?(Line 1). Many readers also agree that Prufrock is a lonely man, but what type of company hedesires seems to vary greatly. Interpretations include sex, social company, long shape love, andeven death. I believe Prufrock yearns for the sense of belonging, both with a female and with hissociety. He struggles with issues of sex, age and social change.The beginning lines of the poem(1-25) paint for a very descriptive picture of the streetwhere Prufrock is walking. It also alerts the reader of Prufrock?s distaste for this area and thissociety. He describes it as ?have deserted?,?muttering?.?one-night cheap hotels? and ?sawdustrestaurants?.(5-7) He contrasts that with his coating of a ?room where women come andgo/Talking of Michelangelo?(13&14). Prufrock doesn?t give the reader much insight into histhoughts until line 26. From this line forward, we get a glimpse of what it must be like to bePrufrock. He tells us ?There will be time, there will be time/ T o limit a face to meet the facesthat you meet?(27-28), indicating repression. He must ?prepare? himself mentally to be able toput on the correct social stunt woman before he makes his ?visit?(12). The rest of the poem simplyreinforces his struggle between the way he would like to be and the reality of his life. He begins to speak up over the ?overwhelming question?(11) ... ...e is ?almost ridiculous--/ Almost, at times,the Fool.?(118-119)Although many of the comments and interpretations of ?The Love Song of J. AlfredPrufrock? that I have read seem to believe that the last 4 stanzas are a sign that he may break outof his shell. I believe it is the surrender of all hope and the recognition of the inconceivability ofhis desires. I think lines 120-130 are Prufrock?s way of telling us of the dream of youth that hewill leave behind. He will not ?wear the bottoms of my trousers involute?(121) nor ?wear flanneltrousers, and walk upon the beach.? These are the customs and actions of you ng passionate men.Men whose physical appearance and less stuffy lifestyle will suck up the ?mermaids?(124). Heconcedes ?I do not think that they will sing to me.?(125) Prufrock leaves us with the thought ofhow life and society can force us from our dreams and cast off us with reality. ?We have lingered inthe chambers of the sea/ By sea-girls wreathed with seeweed red and brown/ Till human voiceswake us, and we drown.?(129-131) Works CitedEliot, T. S. ?The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.? imperturbable Poems 1909-1962 . New York Harcourt Brace, 1963.

Conclusion Cults

The furys ar characterized by their methods and also their beliefs. A rage refers to a complaisant group that is cohesive and it is devoted to practices and beliefs of the surrounding culture considered to be out of the mainstream with notably negative or positive admired perceptions. In most of the propagation cults have a positive and a negative perception with the positive perception relating it to the groups of arts, fiction, writing, music and fashion. On the other afford the negative for cultic movements relates it to pyramidal art groups, questionable therapeutic groups and also extreme political groups.The status of a cultic populist group begins as a rumor of the belief system in a novel including its devotions that ar great, its practices that are idiosyncratic and also its positive or negative effects on the members and its perception. In most cases cults are delimit in such a way that they are viewed and identified as problematic groups and if we were to do away with the problematic concern the attributes and the characteristics of cultic groups would not be in existence, (Richardson N. 2004). Types of cults The Utopian CultThis group of people share a belief that the Lord, Jesus Christ increaseed back to earth way back in the year 70. The return of Christ made it possible for the community to bring the millennium kingdom of Christ themselves. Consequently, the cult believers were able to free themselves of sin and have hence forrard been perfected in the world. They do not wait for perfection in heaven since they already attained it down here on earth. This community was characterized by the spirit of communalism. They owned all processions and property communally. They were present in Vermont, New Jersey, Newark, Wallingford and Putney among other places.The community initially had 87 members but the number grew up to 306 by the year 1878. All the branches of this cult were closed down in the year 1854. The only surviving community by t he name the Wallingford community was unfortunately devastated and water-washed away by a tornado way back in 1854. The Apocalypse Cult This cult typology has people who believe that the world is coming to an end. The cult is also commonly known by the term, dooms day cult. They site the examples of the weapons of mass destruction as one of the elements that will bring the world to an end.They claim that the major planet earth is being faced by wrath and great threats to the existence of human kind and that it will be wiped off from the face of the earth as well as the world history, (Wilson, Stephen, 1993). The cult holds affirm belief that the Lord Jesus Christ will only come back to earth after(prenominal) thither has occurred a holocaust of nuclear in the Middle East. They then argue that the most powerful leaders today have been brainwashed by this belief and thats the reason why they are propagating for the nuclear weapons and those of mass destruction.They cult leaders who a re apocalyptic have contributed to the loss of lives by thousands of people. The chase believe that they are the chosen ones by Christ and have been saved from the evils of this world and will eternally live at the right most hand of Jesus Christ. They prophesy on the rapture and try to speed up the second coming of Christ. Religious Cults A religious cult has other external religious observances and practices apart from the sacred scriptures and the faith of the believers. Religious cults normally have veneration devotion that goes beyond the living. They are characterized worship of the dead.The observances of religious cults include ceremonies and rituals that whitethorn be make in a variety of forms including sacrifice, prayers or hymns. These cult types also have idols and sacred places that are used for pilgrimages, (Weissen, K. 1992). The most notorious cults are the doomsday or apocalyptic cults since they are known to mislead and brainwash their followers minds and somet imes even to death. Cults and Canada Canada should have legislation against the formation and following of cults. Cults do lure many innocent citizens who feel that the world has not been fair to them.These people are normally desperate and the cults easily take favor of this and promise them of a fruitful and good life beyond this earth. Through these cults, hundreds of people have lost their lives where the followers are at times conscious by their leaders to take away their lives so as to meet Christ and move away from this desperate and evil world. Cults should hence be done away with and absolutely banned through legislation. The difference between a religion and a cult lies in extremity while the religions dont and also the cults exhibit them with a greater vigor than all the other religions do.It is important to clearly define the term cult and how it differs or its mistakable to religion. A cult is not just defined as a religion and on the other hand the major worlds reli gions are not cults, (Richardson N. 2004). Some people say that the only difference that exists between a cult and a religion is a hundred years. Cults do not have any positive gains since they eventually lead to the destruction of their followers or they misguide and mislead their followers to an extent that they become confused. The followers of a cult do not normally see those who are not part of this form of worship as leading the true way of life.They plenty even cause harm to those who criticize them, (James, Simon 1993). The strength of the cults is that they are able to lure worshipers into believing on the doctrines of the cult and eventually brainwash them. They are base on materialism and hence innocent people would give in to their ideas. Their main weakness is that they do not end well. More often than not, the cult followers end up losing their lives to the beliefs and ill advice of their leaders. The followers lead a miserable life with the untrue promises given to them by their leaders, (Herm and Jerhard, 2001). Conclusion Cults have existed for really many years to date.Some people normally are not able to tell the difference between cults and the true religious faith. This is more so because there are even religious cults. The cult community normally shares a set of beliefs which could have their end focused on Christ or not. A very prominent editor for the Washington weekly turned down an article proposal on the issue of science and church by dictum that the only difference that existed between a religion and a cult was a hundred years. Similarly a larger number of people harbor to such sentiments as they equate religions to cults and insist on the blurriness of any line that separates them in any way.It seems perverse for the religious people who are impartial to their faiths to be grouped together with those who run cults. References Herm, Jerhard, (2001) The Celts The People Who Came Out of the Darkness. NY St. Martins Press James, Simon (1993) The World of the Cults. London Thames and Hudson, 1993. Richardson N. (2004) The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Oxford Weissen, K. (1992) Goddess Worship and the Status of Women in antique Celtic Society. Hampshire College Wilson, Stephen, (1993) Saints and their Cults Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press

Career Paper – Fashion Buyer

Career Paper April, 8 2013 My vocation goal is to become a fashion buyer, I chose this career because this is something I can see myself doing for the rest of my life, becoming anything that has to do with fashion had always been a child hood dream of mine. Ive always treasured to partake in something with fashion but didnt very know what it was until I started working at my current military control. Working at a jewelry enclose helped me learn a lot with deciding what part of the fashion world I would like to choose to become my career.Working at a jewelry hold on and helping the owner also gave me all the experience and knowledge about being a buyer. I finally realized that this is something I would Sparingly do when is something I would even do it for free. In addition, fashion Buyer also get the opportunities to travel certain places regarding work related tasks. all in all, I see myself waking up with a smile on my face knowing that I am going to do something I enjoy with this career. The job description of a fashion buyer is to be responsible for a variety of tasks that connect the design world to the retail indus find out.For instance, a fashion buyers main duty is to select and buy products, according to market trends, customer demands and sales forecasts, which a retailer will sell. Buyer also try to maximize profits by obtaining the highest quality products at the lowest cost. According to BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics), buyers employed by small retailers are usually responsible for deciding the stores entire merchandise assortment, whereas buyers for large retailers may specialize in one type of merchandise, such as womens outerwear or mens suits.According to the BLS, there are no strict education requirements for becoming a buyer, but employers typically prefer applicants with a college degree. Candidates with bachelors degrees in business, marketing or marketing may enjoy higher employment opportunities. Students should select courses that focus on sales forecasting, business operations, commerce and inventory. The salary of a fashion buyer it really depends on the level and the type of company but on a range of $34,832 a year on an entry level and a coarse amount of $72,772 for a senior buyer.A fashion buyer needs to be versatile and flexible as the buying schedule may include session behind a desk one day writing reports and communicating by phone or email, traveling out of the country to identify forthcoming trends the near week, then flying to another the following month to meet and negotiate with suppliers. A good buyer needs stamina but should also be enthusiastic,professional,decisive,creative and well motivated. To succeed in this career buyers need to have foresight and develop skills in people management and time management.It is rare to find soul with an equal balance between these qualities and skills and many buyers will excel in some while being only adequate in others. In destination although they do ask for a lot when it comes to being a buyer I believe the skills are learnt within the job,and to succeed, one must be fervent and persistent. Resources Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Edition, Buying Managers, Buyers, and Buying Agents, on the Internet visited April 07, 2013. Buyers. Riley Guide. The Riley Guide, 07 APR 2013. Web. 7 Apr 2013. .

Contribution of Enterprise Systems Essay

What are attempt systems? Provide examples of organizational functions supported by enterprise systems. One person wanted something that another person had, so they found a way to trade one thing for another. Right there, we can see the benefits of such a system. Each person involved had gotten involved out of free choice rather than being forced into it. And because all(prenominal) person was not forced into it, each was able to make the best choice that he could, and learn from any mistakes that he may have made. opening systems (ES) are large-scale application computer software package packages that support product line processes, information flows, reporting, and data analytics in complex organizations. These systems are designed to manage large volumes of critical data. These systems are typically designed to translate high levels of transaction performance and data security. Vendors in this space include IBM, Oracle, HP and more.How does effectively implementing and usin g enterprise systems contribute to achieving operational excellence? try systems provide value both by increasing operational efficiency and by providing firm wide information to avail managers make better decisions. Enterprise systems also help firms respond rapidly to customer requests for information or products. Because the system integrates order, manufacturing, and delivery data, manufacturing is better informed about producing only what customers have ordered, procuring on the button the right amount of components or raw materials to fill actual orders, staging production, and minimizing the time that components or finished products are in inventory.Organizations need to use adventurous systems effectively to achieve operational excellence. The enterprise systems need to be designed and setup correctly from the beginning. If the enterprise software does not support the organizations way of doing craft it can be customize. However, enterprise software is complex and custo mization may degrade system performance and therefore may not maximize the benefits from the system. It is recommended to maximize benefits from the software, the business need to conform to the business processes in the software.What challenges are posed by enterprise applications?Enterprise applications is software that various businesses use in order to help solve certain enterprise problems or to streamline business operations. Things like email lists, payroll, client information, and so on are stored in enterprise applications. Because the software is used and shared across a large organization, one of the drawbacks of an enterprise application may have to do with the safety of the information that is stored. Some benefits of enterprise systems are increased business efficiency, information company-wide helps management make better decisions, and it forces uniformed practices throughout the businesses.However, there are some challenges to an enterprise system. The expenses of p urchasing, installing and maintaining the hardware and software of an enterprise system are considered challenging. Systems are more complex today than before. Before most systems consist of hardware, operating system, database and storage application substantially connected together in one system. Today a system configuration can consist of several collapse mini systems with many separate storage area network, networking equipment.

Movie Analysis: Scent Of A Woman Essay

HoooHaaa A few days ago, I chose to visualise and analyze the popular ikon Scent of a Woman. I had never seen the movie before but had lone(prenominal) heard good things about it. I can now say good things about this movie from personal experience. This pictorial matter was extraordinary. The movie Scent of a Woman is about Oscar winning actor Al Pacino who plays a retired Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade, an embittered Army antique who is now blind, not to mention alcoholic, angry and foul-mouthed. Of course, hes also witty and bright to say the least.Slade is looking to have the last of his kicks before he blows his brains out. However, Slade is not alone is this journey. He ends up taking young student Charlie Simms, Slades Thanksgiving aid, along for the ride. In the next few pages, parts of this film that were accurately and inaccurately portrayed regarding sexuality and explanations for the behaviors presented by the main character, Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade, in the mov ie Scent of a Woman will be reviewed.Sexuality as defined on the first day of class is the way we act or behave our preferences or orientation. E actuallyone of us has a contrastive view of sexuality in general, in others, and in ourselves. The first time we encounter Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade we get the impression of a loud-mouthed, crude, old geezer whose only form of entertainment is to brutally insult strangers and talk about women in a politically-incorrect fashion. Hes definitely not likable and even scares Charlie a little bit. After a while, we learn his reason for his trip Slades going to take himself on a little tour of merriments, such as visiting his brother and making bonk to a nice lady. After that hes going to scratch off himself. Why anyone would want to do this is very(prenominal) hard to understand.As the movie progresses, we actually start to pity the Colonel. He blinded himself in a stupid grenade-juggling accident, and he desperately needs a woman in h is life but feels that with no eyesight he could never find one. He keeps knocking things to do off his argument, and as the list gets shorter Charlie keeps watching with growing alarm for Franks safety. Slade, as I said earlier, comes off as a very bitter man and dialog a lot about womenvery explicitly and provocatively. At first, he comes off as offensive and very chauvinistic. But as the story goes on and Slade begins to open up to Simms, it becomes apparent that Slades crude and blunt language about women is only his aggressive way of sharing his loneliness and his need to love a woman and wake up next to her in the morning.He describes women in a fashion that shows a true appreciation for the female body, the fragrancy and touch of a woman, and a real sensual understanding and perception of true femininity. He meets a beautiful woman while dining with Charlie and they lift her and Slade dashingly and charmingly convinces the woman Donna to allow them to sit with her and lea rn to tango with him.Slade wisps Donna off her feet and makes her forget that her expected dinner date is very late. It is in this blastoff that Slades compassion and gentleness comes out.I found Slade to be confident in his sexuality but very alone. I also think he is more than accurate on understanding sexuality in general concerning women. He, at first, talks about women like they are meat only things to pleasure men. The definition of a stereotype is a belief that all members of a particular group have certain characteristics ( Byer & Shainberg, p. 19).Unfortunately, Slade represents, although over-exaggerated, the way many men view women in todays society. Viewing women as inferior to men and speaking of them disrespectfully shows a very inaccurate view of females. Slade appears to be very stereotypical of women and sex.Slades behavior towards others, especially Charlie, is understandable but certainly not condonable. He is bitter because he is not the young, powerful, seeing man that he once was. He was recognized as a courageous solider of war and now can barely recognize people himself due to his blindness.Throughout the movie, he constantly offends, belittles, embarrasses, andfrightens almost every person he comes into contact with. It is obvious the lack of self-fulfillment he has through his constant outbursts of rudeness and his plan to kill himself. He doesnt see what he has left to live for he is blind, old, unloved, and most importantly, alone. He behaves this way due to his loneliness and out of bitterness and defensiveness. in the end at the end of the movie, Charlie convinces Slade to not kill himself because he has so much more to give than he thinks he does. Slade decides to go to Charlies school and carry on him in a school trial to show is love for Charlie and the compassion he has for him. Slade doesnt show a huge turn around in his behavior at the end of the movie, but there are definitely signs of the Colonel having a different outlo ok on life and the world he ab initio showed so much hate towards.Although it comes across in the beginning of the film that Slade has a very false and almost perverted view of sexuality, it is later seen that Slades loss of eyesight causes his other senses to become heightened and I think causes him to deeply desire kinder and more fulfilling things like the true love of a wonderful woman. I truly enjoyed this movie and analyzing its characters views on sexuality.

Early Intervention Reducing Recidivism Among Children

Early Intervention reducing recidivism among children and adolescent offenders Student number s2875363 Student name Kate OReilly Course name CCJ10 Introduction to forensic Psychology Enrollment External, Griffith University Course convener Dr. Myesa Knox Mahoney Course tutor Domanic De Andrade Date due Wed 23rd Jan 2013 Word count 1430 It has been widely acknowledged that crime has consequences for individuals and beau monde (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).So it has been widely accepted that children and adolescents with unsociable behaviour be a societal problem (Helmond, Overbeek & Brugman, 2012). Antisocial behavior is characterised by violent offences such as robbery and assault ca development harm to not only its victims but to society as well (Helmond, Overbeek & Brugman, 2012). Society pays the price for crime not only in loss of personal effects and medical costs but also in the cost of imprisonment to the tax payers (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).It is the antisocial behaviour, that is ta rgeted in archeozoic interventions, in an attempt to diminish delinquency (Hollin & Palmer, 2009). Studies have been undertaken that provide evidence that intervention is effective and benefits the whole of society (Ou & Reynolds, 2010). In this essay, center will be pull specifically to intervention and its part in curbing recidivism in juvenile offenders.The impact of previous(predicate) intervention for preteen offenders will be explored in detail, and some examples of early interventions, how and why they work, will be examined and this research will reinforcer the success of early interventions and their effectiveness in fighting recidivism. In exploring the rule of teenage offenders we uncover reasons why early intervention good deal lessen the put of recidivism and in some cases effectively quell re offending. Research has been conducted demo that the wags growth does not stop before at least the early twenties (Buchen, 2012).This means that adolescents are far m ore likely to act before considering the consequences, they are impetuous, and easily influenced by their peers (Buchen, 2012). Now more than ever campaigners for youths are working towards less punishment and more importantly far more probability for intervention or rehabilitation (Buchen, 2012). Research into crime has shown that criminal activities occurring in adulthood have been found to follow a youths vivification of criminal activity and antisocial behaviour, developing into an adult re-offender, (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).Youth offenders show predictors early in life that include the sex, race and ethnicity of the juvenile, as well as aggression, and antisocial behaviour in childhood (Ou & Reynolds, 2010). They rout out be coerced to offend simply be vex of stressors in their lives (Sealock & Manasse, 2012). In some cases studies have enabled prediction of delinquency that can thence allow prevention of youth involvement in the juvenile justice system all together, (Sealock & Manasse, 2012).Where this is not the case and a young person is incarcerated, early intervention is required to curb re-offenders. Mentally ill juveniles will offend three times as often as other juveniles, and for these offenders imprisonment can be fruitless causing significant increase in symptoms instead of reversing environsal damage and improving their skills as it is intended (Erickson, 2012). This puts them further at hazard are mentally ill juveniles, for whom demanding life events, such as loss of job or family breakdown, will often lead to ferocity as a response (Markowitz, 2011).For these mentally ill youths social opportunities can be limited, they will have difficulty finding a job, stable accommodation and a support network (Markowitz, 2011). There often limited opportunities for intervention before the fact (Markowitz, 2011). Because of this some offenders tend towards homelessness and crimes of survival such as shoplifting and trespassing, some committing these non-violent crimes as a way of seeking intervention they would not otherwise have access to (Hinday, 1997).Symptoms of mental unhealthiness include impulsivity and impaired judgment and can cause already hotheaded youths to act in antisocial ways (Hinday, 1997). A form of intervention that continually arises in research looking at young offenders is the use of cognitive behavioural therapy or modification. Cognitive Behavioural therapy is founded on social learning, and adopts the theory that offenders have learned unsuitable ways of behaving due to their environment (McGuire, 2003).Many intervention plans include this type of treatment, sometimes coupled with psychiatric treatments (Jones, Chancey, Lowe & Risler, 2010). Cognitive behavioural techniques encourage offenders to think through a situation, instead of ensuing their warm response. A reaction that can often be impetuous and self-centered attitudes that increase the likelihood of anti-social behavior (McGuire, 2003). In cognitive behavioural therapy an offenders learning is conditioned, they are trained to eradicate maladaptive actions (McGuire, 2003).Cognitive, rehabilitation or intervention schedules aim to bring changes to youth offenders (Jones et al. , 2010). Young adults, who spend time incarcerated, carry with them a mellow likelihood of recidivism when they return from correctional facilities and attempt to transition back into society, (James, Stams, Asscher, De Roo &Van der Laan, 2013). Research has provided a variety of reasons as too why juveniles find it so difficult when re engaging with society, one important reason explained by James et al,. 2013) is that not only are they coming to terms with the challenges of relocation from a juvenile facility back into every day life but they are doing this while simultaneously coping with the move from adolescents into adult hood. Helmond et al. , (2012) Discusses an intervention program constructed by cognitive-behavioural therapy called EQ UIP, a program designed to communicate to young antisocial offenders who would be reintegrating into society, ways of acting and thinking responsibly. The EQUIP program is used in correctional facilities all over the world.EQUIP incorporates a positive peer culture in which parties want to support others due to developing feelings of responsibility for them. The main focus of EQUIP is to address mental misrepresentation, deficiencies, and social and moral skills (Helmond et al. , 2012). A private not-for-profit agency, Hillside in the US, is a provider of intervention services for mentally ill young people and their families or guardians (Jones et al. , 2010). This program includes community- understructured services and a residential treatment facility, which treats participants under a program called Interpersonal Skills Program (Jones et al. 2010). Treatment through this program includes structured framework, group therapy and individual therapy as well as family therapy (Jones e t al. , 2010). Hillsides program works on cognitive behavioural treatment focusing on mental distortions, managing and assessing risk as well as avoiding situation leading to relapse (Jones et al. , 2010). For those adolescents in the justice system who require treatment for substance abuse, this can be a form of early intervention as offenders can be sent to juvenile drug court (Nissen & Pearce, 2011).Substance abuse treatment programs in collaboration with the juvenile justice system provide this method of intervention where youths are educated and put through an intensive program of rehabilitation as opposed to incarceration (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). High recidivism amidst adolescents has encouraged the government to provide funding from the government to develop and maintain re-integration as intervention, following the lack of success using probation-only in the attempt to prevent adolescents re-offending (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). James, et al. (2013), found that this type of pro gram referred to as after care has had great success when starting a program during incarceration and when aimed at youths with a high risk of re-offending. Another successful after care program was developed by the Robert Wood Johnson foundation and is called Reclaiming Futures (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). The program Reclaiming Futures deploys approving youth development and leadership building and efforts on leadership expansion in the community, a community that can offer assistance to bridge life in incarceration to life in society through constructive growth activities (Nissen & Pearce, 2011).Something that Reclaiming Futures does well is bring together suitable intervention and the needs of the adolescent offenders, and this provides an empathetic network around young people with the result being rarer occasions of violations when in parole (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). Early interventions have been found to reduce the rate of recidivism when they target young offenders. As evidence suggests a career criminal is likely to begin offending as a child, not suddenly as an adult.Therefore intervention that targets change of behaviours, physically and mentally at an early age, prove effective. Intervention is successful at an early age because medically, an individuals brain does not stop developing until their late twenties. As a result, adolescents can react impulsively to situations, leading to antisocial and criminal behaviour then at last to prosecution. The chances of this situation arising are heightened in mentally ill youths however, by incorporating the various approaches of early intervention a program can be planned base on an individual needs assessment.This plan is determined by the offence committed, and requirements of the youth, and allows positive outcomes to be achieved. All research suggests that the affirmative results are the product of early interventions. References Buchen, L. (2012). Science in court arrested development. Nature, 484(7394), 304-306. inside10. 1038/484304a Erickson, C. D. (2012). Using Systems of Care to Reduce Incarceration of Youth with Serious Mental Illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49(3-4), 404416. DOI 10. 1007/s10464-011-9484-4 Gibbs, J. C. , Potter, G.B. , Barriga, A. Q. & Liau, A. K. (1996). Developing the helping skills and prosocial motivation of aggressive adolescents in peer group programs. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1(3), 283-305. DOI10. 1016/1359-1789(95)00018-6 Helmond, P. , Overbeek, G. & Brugman, D. (2012). Program integrity and effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention for incarcerated youth on cognitive distortions, social skills, and moral development. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(9),17201728. DOI10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2012. 05. 001 Hiday,V. A. 1997). Understanding the connection between mental illness and violence. International journal of law and psychiatry, 20(4), 399-417. DOI10. 1016/S0160-2527(97)00028-9 Hollin, C. R. & Palmer, E. J. (2009). Cognitive skills programmes for offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(2-3), 147-164. DOIhttp//dx. doi. org/10. 1080/10683160802190871 James, C. , Stams, G. J. J. M. , Asscher, J. J. , De Roo, A. K. & Van Der Laan, P. H. (2013). Aftercare programs for reducing recidivism among juvenile and young adult offenders A meta-analytic review.Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 63274. DOI10. 1016/j. cpr. 2012. 10. 013 Jones, C. D. , Chancey, R. , Lowe, A. & Risler, E. A. (2010). Residential Treatment for Sexually Abusive Youth An Assessment of Treatment Outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice. 20(2), 172-182. DOIhttp//dx. doi. org/10. 1177/1049731509333349 Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence Risk, context, and social control. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 16(1), 3644. DOI10. 1016/j. avb. 2010. 10. 003 McGuire, J. (2003).OffenderRehabilitationandTreatmentEffective Programmes and Policies to Reduce Re-offending. Retrieved from http//www. swin. eblib. com. au. ezproxy. lib. swin. edu. au/patron/FullRecord. aspx? p=146239&echo=1&userid=znHAXBQDThLw9bSY1Xo67Q%3d%3d&tstamp=1358851968&id=4B65141F70B1486C0EA05198C182C8FA6D56A7DB Nissen, L. B. & Pearce, J. (2011). Exploring the implementation of justice-based alcohol and drug intervention strategies with juvenile offenders Reclaiming Futures, enhanced adolescent substance abuse treatment, and juvenile drug courts.Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 6065. DOI10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2011. 06. 014 Ou, S. ,& Reynolds, A. J. (2010). Childhood predictors of young adult male crime. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(8), 10971107. DOI10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2010. 02. 009 Sealock, M. D. & Manasse, M. (2012). An uneven playing field The impact of strain and coping skills on treatment outcomes for juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(3), 238248. DOI10. 1016/j. jcrimjus. 2012. 02. 002

Police Response to Domestic Violence Essay

In 2005, the Bureau of Justice Statistics invoiceed that 1,181 females were killed by an informal powerner. That means everyday, 3 women ar killed as a result of internal help wildness. These overwhelming statistics also state that out of every the women murdered in the United States, one out of three of the murders ar the make result of an knowing fall inner. municipal violence is a pattern of abusive bearing that includes whether sexual, emotional or physically, that is imposed by a partner in an intimate relationship. This has been a major problem in the United States and for decades domestic violence continues to increase.We acknowl strand that domestic violence continues to be an epidemic on the rise. consort to Eve S. Buzawa and Carl G. Buzawa, reform of practice of law action in domestic assault cases has been a recurrent theme for twenty years (Dunham & Albert, 2010, pg.137). Unfortunately, the traditional police chemical reaction involving domestic violenc e assaults still seems to take precedent. Law enforcement maintains their reactive approach by means of avoiding interventions, screening out calls or sustaining the attitude that domestic violence is non a documentary crime.Nevertheless, the study regarding the escape of presence and concern for domestic violence victims goes beyond the stereotypical reasons why rectitude enforcement do non take a more proactive approach. The reasons may include personal attitudes, lack of training or even fear. However, when domestic cases involve minorities, law enforcement has been cognize to become suspiciously bias. Nonetheless, domestic violence is non plainly limited tomale and female relationships. Homosexuals are also involved in domestic violence disputes as well and officers particularly avoid intervention in these cases even more than heterosexual relationships.In this report, we will explore the different characteristics involving police responses to domestic violence, the rea sons why law enforcement flutter in their response, and the different statistics involving intervention in heterosexual, homosexual and minority households.Avoiding InterventionWe have acknowledged through umpteen texts and the deliver of our fellow officers that police flirt is a very mundane profession. The highlights we visualize on television shows are nighly for entertainment purposes. In reality, police work consists of domestic violence interventions, which also includes cases of drug abuse. Unfortunately, police interventions in domestic violence cases still lack a proactive response.Although today Domestic vehemence intervention still needs to be revised in making calls of service more productive, it was not until the early 1970s when making an arrest for felonies without a warrant were not legal (Doak, 2010, pg. 150). Only fourteen of those states allowed the same protocol for misdemeanors and since assault and battery is a misdemeanor, victims were forced to make th eir own criminal charges, which resulted in lack of arrests and lack of making a report (Doak, 2010, pg. 150). Fortunately since 2006, new legislature has authorized warrant less probable cause for misdemeanor arrests in all states concerning domestic violence cases (Doak, 2010, pg. 150) only law enforcement continues to show a lack of enthusiasm in making arrests.According to authors, Roger G. Dunham and Geoffrey P. Albert, there are several(prenominal) reasons concerning the reluctance to respond to domestic violence calls. The common issues that involve law enforcements lack of intervention include Organizational impediments, lack of training, fear of injury and intimately importantly police attitudes. Domestic violence is misdemeanor, so in result police officers dont think of this assault as a real crime. They avoid making arrest as to conclude that domestic violence is a waste of while. Its common for police response to a domestic violence situation to lack enthusiasm or pr olong making an appearance at all.However, fear is also an imperative reason that causes law enforcement to hesitate in the involvement of domestic violence cases. Until recently, police officers werent aware of the proper protocol in handling domestic violence cases. Also, in many cases the victim can also turn out to be the aggressor when an officer attempts to make an arrest. This can be a convincing deterrent in lack of police response. The most important reason I would like to discuss is police attitudes towards domestic violence cases and victims. The reasons I mention above are all characteristics that contribute to the lack of involvement however the individual attitude of the officer places much emphasis on their actions.Victim StatisticsApproximately 1.3 million women are physically assaulted by an intimate partner annually in the United States. In a 19951996 study conducted through the fifty states including the District of Columbia, it was found that most 25% of women were raped and/or physically assaulted by a current or former spouse, cohabiting partner, or dating/acquaintance at some time in their lifetime (American Bar Association, 2010). According to the U.S. Department of Justice, between 1998 and 2002, of the almost 3.5 million crimes committed against family members, almost half of these were crimes against spouses. Eighty-four of those spouse abuse victims were females. In 2001, intimate partner violence made up 20% of all nonfatal violent crime view by women. In 2000, 1,247 women were killed by their intimate partner (American Bar Association, 2010).Two years ago my best friend was a part of these overwhelming statistics. For nearly three years she found herself in a very abusive relationship with her then boyfriend who is now the father of her three-year-old child. The late night calls I received kept me on edge because I just continued to worry when I was going to get that fatal call that my best friend was dead. There were numerous attempts of escape but like most of these women, love can some quantify be a curse. Fortunately, my friend was able to break away from her abuser. Unfortunately, turning to the statistics I mentioned above, all are not so lucky.Although going through that experience with my best friend was one of the hardest things in my life, knowing that there were numerous attempts to seek help from law enforcement to only be ignored angered me more. As I discussed before, police officers are not concerned with victims of domestic violence. At least thats what many victims say including my best friend. Victims are not taken seriously because the misdemeanor crime is not taken seriously. Regardless of your race, being a victim of an intimate partner relationship continues to get the back seat. Studies have shown that certain characteristics do play a significant part of how a police officer will act to an individual call for service. In cases of domestic violence police attitudes towards women, di fferent races, and even sexual preference has played a detailed part between making arrests and telling an abuser to just take a walk and cool off.Victim CharacteristicsOne in three women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime said Kathy Doherty, an executive director of an association named Between Friends (Chaney, K., 2008). It is very disturbing to be aware of these statistics and still lack the support from law enforcement to take the matters seriously. Its even more unsettling to know that your race will play a significant intent in how a police officer will exercise his/her own discretion.In studies I have read, theorists believe that when we evaluate the relationship between domestic violence victims and police response, institutional racism becomes a term widely used to define the relationship. According to the Macpherson Reports definitionInstitutional Racism consists of the collective blow of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service t o people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behavior which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people (Belur, J., 2008, pg. 428).According to Amanda L. Robinson and Megham S. Chandek, authors of Differential Police Response to Black buffet Women, stated not only are colored women . . . handicapped on account of their sex, but they are almost everywhere baffled and mocked because of their race. Not only because they are women, but because they are colored women (Chandek, M. S., & Robinson, A. L., (2000), pg. 30). Institutionalized racism is the very plague that has made police responses to domestic violence calls for service ineffective. Minority value-system women have not been treated fairly involving many accounts including sexism and racism. Today, gender and ethnic backgrounds are reasons for their compla ints to be handled differently. According to reports made by the National horror Victimization Survey and the FBI (homicide reports), Black females experienced domestic violence at a rate 35% higher than that of white females, and about 22 times the rate of women of other races (Newton, C.J. 2009).Minority Women are not the only class that suffers from discrimination when evaluating proactive police response. The LGBT community has also been a victim of sexism when quest assistance from law enforcement in domestic violence cases. Take this example from the article, Stonewalled Police Abuse and bungle Against Lesbian, Gay and Transgender People in the U.S.A cheerful Filipino man was reportedly beaten on several occasions by his partner, a white U.S. citizen, who was reportedly addicted to drugs and alcohol. When police responded to one altercation, they reportedly arrested the Filipino man and threatened to report him to immigration authorities, saying Youre not a citizen. We sho uld deport you, you shouldnt be hitting Americans youre not an American. The Filipino man was sentenced to 52 weeks of batterers intervention in court (Amnesty International USA, 2010)This type of injustice is unacceptable especially in a place where our Victims Rights and Human Rights are supposed to protect us. Ethnic backgrounds, gender or sex should never play a significant role in how a police officer addresses a call for service in a domestic violence case or any case. Institutional Racism moldiness(prenominal) be abolished from our practices of handling violent victims cases regardless of certain characteristics of the victim.Changes for ReformLuckily, we as a nation have come forward to not only address the problems involving police response in domestic violence cases but to also promote a solution. There have been committees and social groups, such as Battered Women Advocates, who have helped to spread the awareness of domestic violence. Also the Minneapolis Domestic Viol ence experiment (1981-1982) has also played a significant part in finding a far more effective way to deter future violence than merely separation of the parties or officer mediation (Dunham R. G. & Albert, G. P, (2010), pg. 147).Although assaults and batteries are misdemeanors, provoking public interest in the issue can place unlimited pressures on our criminal justice system. Law enforcement agencies have authentic plans and in-service trainings to make officers responding to domestic violence cases more comfortable and aware of their options. Training also leads to a decrease of fear of injury when approaching volatile situations. The most prominent federal response happened in 1994, when the Violence Against Women Act was passed to help the fight to stop violence against women.ConclusionLaw enforcement plays a vital role in our criminal justice system. Although police officers are just regular citizens in uniform, we still hold them to a higher standard compared to the general public. We must understand that this country as a hold must work together to stop violence against women (or men) and the assistance of the numerous law enforcement agencies is more than needed. This report was designed to shine a light on the many issues surrounding calls for service in domestic violence cases. Its not to suggest that all police officers are racist, sexist or homo-phobic. However, we must stay on top of the issue to better achieve in the success of stopping institutional racist attitudes. It will always start with that individual who is behind the uniform that is responding to a call. To continue to generate discussion will only make the issue of domestic violence involving police interaction an issue of the past.ReferencesAmerican Bar Association. (2010). Commission of DomesticViolence. Retrieved May 16, 2010, from http//new.abanet.org/domesticviolence/Pages/Statistics.aspxAmnesty International USA. (2010). Stonewalled Police Abuse andMisconduct Against Lesbian, Gay and Transgender People in the U.S. Retrieved May 16, 2010, from http//www.amnestyusa.org/lgbt-human-rights/stonewalled-a-report/police-response/page.do?id=1106617Belur, Jyoti. (2008). Is policing domestic violenceinstitutionally racist? A case study of south Asian Women. Policing and Society, Volume 18, reappearance 4, pg. 426-444.Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2009). Prison Statistics.Retrieved October 27, 2009, fromhttp//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htmChaney, K. (2008). Domestic Violence hits Black Women Harder.Chicago Defender Online.Doak, M.J. (2007). Domestic Violence, Law Enforcement, and CourtResponses to Domestic Violence. Child Abuse and Domestic Violence, 147-165.Dunham, R. G., & Albert, G. P. (2010). Critical Issues inPolicing. Illinois. Waveland Press.Newton, C, J. (2009). Domestic Violence An Overview. RetrievedMay 16, 2010, from http//www.findcounseling.com/journal/domestic-violence/domestic-violence-statistics.htmlRobinson, A. L., & Chandek, M. S. (2000). Diffe rential Police

Learning a Foreign Language

With the development of the world and the raising level of education, development a external wording has become a compulsory overcome for e re in ally student. At the same time, the problem of learnedness foreign languages is extremely crucial. Foreign languages be socially demanded especially at the present time when the establish in science and technology has led to an explosion of education and has contributed to an overflow of info. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient essence of information exchange of the slew of our planet.A second language washstand be applied not only to science and technology, and sometimes it also used in good deals daily life. We all feel that, whether you travel or business to another country, it will make your trip to a greater extent relaxed and enjoyable that if you know the local language. Of course, this is just a basic purpose of learning a foreign language. I interviewed one of my friends close to this topic, w ho called Flo and is a native English verbaliser and have been learning German for four years.I interviewed her about her experiences and viewpoints of learning a foreign language from many aspects, fortunately, I got some now ideas. There are many reasons to learn a foreign language, from studying and working in another country to communicating with foreigners, through travel, emigration and maybe just interest. When I asked Flo what is her purpose of learning German, she said that she had a trip in Germany when she was a child. At that time, she felt that German is a beautiful language, its pronunciation, and the way people plow it were deeply attracted her.So she began to learn German when she was in high school, and now, her major is German Business, so the purpose for her is changed. She said it is different from before when she studied German in high school, she studies German here is for learning the economic situation in Germany and also for looking for a career in Germany after graduation. As can be seen, reasons of learning a foreign language are diverse. Sometimes you began to learn a foreign language just because it sounds good to you when it is spoken, and sometimes the information about the subject you chose s published mainly in a foreign language. discipline that language will make it easier to get the material you need. Learning a foreign language is useful but not easy. Its grammar, pronunciation, writing and vocabulary are always plagued language learners, they are totally different from your baffle tongue, so there are a big deal of difficulties have to face for language learners. My interviewee said that the first big difficult she met is grammar. German grammar is more(prenominal) complex than English grammar, it has a lot of the old rules need to keep in mind, and it is less flexible than English.Although in some aspects, these two languages are similar, for example, the reduce clause. But it is still not easy to master German comp letely for her. Whats more, the pronunciation is also a big problem for Flo. She showed me that in German letters, in addition to the A(a),O(o),U(u) and? , other letters written look not much different from English letters, but the pronunciations are totally different, she always mistake the pronunciation of two languages.Obviously, learning a foreign language is not that easy, we need to learn its grammar, writing, pronunciation and vocabulary, or even need to known about the culture and history of the country that speaks this language. This is the only way to fully grasp a foreign language. When we understand the purpose of learning a foreign language and what difficulties we will face when we study this language, the most important thing next is how to learn a new language. Because as long as you have a correct language learning method, you can quickly, completely and high efficiently master a language without fools errands.Flo told me that, at the beginning of learning German, she didnt know how to learn it, just blind to see some German movies and news on TV, so during that time, her German level of progress is very slow. Though classroom learning, she began to know some correct methods of learning a new language. The best way for her is using the internet resources after classes, as we all know that the resource on the Internet is infinite, most of the time, we can get anything we want from the Internet, especially for language study, we can find some language learning audios, videos, articles and even online courses.So making good use of network resources have a negligible effect on people when they are studying a foreign language. And we cannot ignore that, at the same time, the way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible. Language is diverse. In peoples day-to-day conversation, we prefer to speak informal language with some slangs, it makes people communicate simple and not binding. Language is a collective compassionate creation, reflecting human nature, how we conceptualize reality, how we relate to one another.Said by STEVEN PINKER, the author of The Language Instinct. Language is for the exchange of ideas, for the communication, so language is the most crucial tool for people to communicate, but only one language is not enough, form my point of view, learning a foreign language is necessary if you want to know more about the world. As long as you want to learn a new language, learning foreign languages should be fun.

Global Car Industry Facing Recession

The Global rail track automobile constancy Facing time out and a opinion Crisis Case study Reference no 309-032-1 This case was written by come off S Potter, Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham. It is mean to be employ as the basis for class discussion or else than to illustrate either effective or ineffective move onling of a focal point situation. The case was compiled from print consultations. 2009, Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham. No part of this publication may be copied, stored, transmitted, reproduced or distri stilled in any striving or medium whatsoever without the permission of the copyright owner. cch the case for learning Distributed by ecch, UK and USA www. ecch. com alone rights reserved Printed in UK and USA North the States t +1 781 239 5884 f +1 781 239 5885 e emailprotected com Rest of the world t +44 (0)1234 750903 f +44 (0)1234 751125 e emailprotected com 309-032-1 ______________________________________________ _____ The Global Car Industry Facing Recession and a Credit Crisis N. S. Potter The change that has hit the world economy is of a scathing scale that comes once in a hundred yrs said Katsuaki Watanabe, announcing Toyotas root annual expiry in its 71 year history.The firm said it pass judgment a loss of 150 billion Yen (? 1. 1 billion) in yearly operating profits and confirmed that fomite gross sales in the U. S. had f anyen 37% in December 2008 and that drudgery would halt for a score of 14 days from January to March 2009 in an effort to void inventories. Mean objet dart, in America, outgoing President George W. bush threw the struggling simple machine makers a $17. 4 billion lifeline to stave off immediate unsuccessful person and Canada became the second G8 economy to bail out its gondola intentness. In the UK, Tata approached the government for up to ? billion to financinger save Jaguar and Land Rover and announced at the same time that it was sponsoring the Ferrari F1 team in 2009. The Global Car Industry in 2009 An Overview. Car manufacturing has been described as the manufacturing of all industries. healthful inter dependence therefore make ups in the midst of the economies of many countries and industry performance. Governments rely on the sector as well as related suppliers and services to a greater or littleer extent in term of employment, taxation, GDP and balance of payments. Car makers equally, take away growing economies with rising levels of disposable income and consumer combine.The events of 2008 also present the industrys reliance on freely available credit to finance the purchase of its products. Credit availability has been the full-sizegest issue in our industry this year, according to Mike Jackson, Chief Executive of gondola Nation, the largest gondola dealer in America. This case was prep bed by N. S. Potter of Birmingham Business School and is intended as a basis for classroom discussion rather than to illustra te correct or improper handling of any administrative situations N. S. Potter, 2009. 2 309-032-1The credit crisis has affected economies world- enormously and reduced activity in a wide clutch of industries, notably housing and the fall in property prises, coupled with the idolise of unemployment has reduced consumer confidence around the world. Many analysts outright think that car sales forget not recover until 2010 and may take until 2013 to return to 2007 levels of 16. 1 billion vehicles, (CSM Worldwide, Detroit). Governments must balance these economic considerations with environmental issues, as well as the aspirations of consumers in terms of mobility and materialism.Politicians need to find a compromise between these opposing forces and the ways in which they impact on the voting intentions of disparate groups in their respective electo grade. The effectuate of oil price volatility, the credit crisis and subsequent recession on the environment appear to be mixe d. virtually environmentalists argon concerned that economic issues imparting dominate the political agenda, while others point out that community atomic number 18 flying and whimsical less and that the car industry in particular, give be gouge to spend heavily on developing to a greater extent eco friendly products.Core industries base strategic decisions on the car industry as seen in the move by steel makers to site manufacturing facili get outs in developing countries where car qualification is starting to take place and demand for commodities was rising rapidly until mid 2008. The car industry may experience notwithstanding low growth going into the second decade of the 21st century. However, this allow be spread unevenly, both(prenominal) between countries and idiosyncratic companies. One of the key elements driving dynamics in the car industry is ever increasing globalisation.Rapid change is taking place, continually fixation industry body structure and seduct iveness as well as the key success ciphers requirement for both survival and growth. lacquerese companies were forced to manufacture overseas for much of the 1990s due to the continuous appreciation of the Yen and with its currency at a thirteen year high against the dollar in early 2009, Japan has seen trades to America fall by 33. 8% and to the E. U by 30. 8%, (BBC News). 40% of all cars change by Toyota in the U. S. re currently manufactured in Japan. china and India, with combined populations of deuce billion, all the way contribute enormous potential, but appear to be equally vulnerable to world events. Chinese car sales skin by 14. 8% in the year to November 2008, (FT) and sales in India fell by 19. 4%, (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) due to credit problems and high interest rates, beginning to call into question approximately existing joint ventures as foreign partners scale back investing and concentrate on problems in their own food marts. 309-032- 1 mho America as a only is set to buzz off a portentous grocery with brazil now the 6th largest producer in the world, however annual sales fell 16. 9% in the year to December 2008, (Reuters). A new manufacturing facility planned by Honda in Argentina has now been postponed until at least 2010, (Associated Press). atomic number 63 has also seen sales plummet during 2008 but has exempt overinterpreted the USA to become the largest pile market in the world and East Asian competition has become ever more significant.Tightly defined product segmentation has taken place as traditional markets mature, while the rapid growth of emerging economies has provided opportunities to extend product life cycles on a geographical basis. The dance step of globalisation has varied considerably deep down the triad. Most europiuman car manufacturers have significant positions only in spite of appearance europium. U. S. companies tend to have study shargons domestically and in Europe, while only devil major Japanese companies can claim to be truly global.Although the industry is concentrating, no single company is smashed to dominating the market and in fact seven companies have between 10% and 15% market sh ar. The level of acquisition activity has been reasonably intense but the other major feature of the industry has been the degree of collaborative activity. A variety of alliances and joint ventures have been utilised as a fashion of growth, as isolating mechanisms and even to circumvent national political issues. In 1980, there were 30 supreme car anufacturers, by 2000 this had fallen to 13 and it is predicted that by 2015 the number provide have fallen to 10, a situation which could be exacerbated by the global economic situation. The industry regard as chain is also altering and becoming capability led, as companies cogitate downstream towards the customer interface where the most explicit value is increasingly macrocosm added. The Original Equipment Ma nufacturers (OEMs) sh ar of total value creation stood at 36% in 2002 and this will fall to 23% by 2015.Despite this, the component manufacturers face similar desegregation pressures with 8000 suppliers in 1998 expected to fall to 2800 by 2015. engineering science is changing the upstream supply chain as component suppliers split into tiers and become total solution providers, often diversifying from previously unrelated industries such as electronics, computer softwargon and aerospace. Companies such as Delphi, Bosch, Continental, Lear, Siemens, Thyssen Krupp and Visteon will become dominant. 4 309-032-1 Summary of main conclusions occupy will fall in Europe and America in 2009 and will be flat in china, although the second half of the year may see a partial recovery. Supply will dwell to exceed demand as production capacity currently stands at 90 million units. Europe and China have become the primary battlegrounds for car manufacturers, with Germany currently the biggest si ngle market. east Europe and South America offer limited growth as well as high risk but will become significant markets by 2015 Apart from China and India, the ASEAN countries represent the greatest opportunity and dispute to Japanese, U.S and European manufacturers, as long as structural and governance reforms cross. Significant demand fluctuations will exist between agricultural markets. Toyota, Honda and Nissan ar truly global competitors and this trend will continue, with around seven companies or collaborative groupings eventually dominating the world market, each making between 5-7 million vehicles annually. The industry is compulsive by toll and engineering science with political and ecological issues as a significant underlying factor and this holds for product and process development. Manufacturers will integrate forward vertically into their distribution channels, diversify and out source traditional activities. Collaboration between manufacturers, supplier s governments will become increasingly prevalent. Marketing strategies will focus on creating lifetime customer relationships, but in the short term, availability of finance will be a critical issue. 5 and even national 309-032-1 Time to market for new models will continue to reduce from 3. 4 years in 1995 to 2. 2 years currently and this may become a critical issue as companies respond to rapid changes in consumer preferences.Global Car Industry Major Forces and Impacts It is clearly embarrassing to generalise due to the enormous variation between countries in the various stages of their development. It is however reasonable to conclude, that the car industry within any presumptuousness country is subject to opposing political forces. As a primary industry, it is a major contributor to GNP, balance of payments and employment. Component suppliers and service providers represent important substitute(prenominal) industries. Total global industry employment was predicted to reac h 11. million by 2015, prior to the 2008 crash, with 78% of those jobs generated by suppliers. This will heavily influence government policy during 2009/10 with governments across the world expected to support the car industry. Taxation of purchase and use represents significant government revenue. It is estimated that global industry revenue will have reached 903 billion Euros by 2015. Transport is a major part of any countries infrastructure and is necessary to the process of wealth creation. Congestion and safety are becoming increasingly important issues. Pollution and removeable energy policies could dominate the industry in future. Targets to reduce CO2 emissions and force out consumption are making alternative fuels, such as natural gas and electricity more attractive. The issues surrounding inward and outwards direct investment affect strategies adopted by companies as they seek to invest and grow in new markets. Cost of labour as a factor of mobility is increasingly debated but governments examine to attract investment with a range of grant aid as well as subsidising domestic companies for a variety of reasons, including national prestige. 6 309-032-1Demand for cars is very closely linked to a given countrys economic performance and this can be viewed in two separate contexts 1 The wider process of the economic development of a country which results first in selective ownership, leading gradually to mass market brashnesss. 2 Short term life cycle fluctuations within mass flock markets leading to hold up purchases or customers changing segments. Consumer confidence is a key factor in the purchase decision as the product price is significant in relation to most lots income. For every 1% attach in average earnings, car ownership rises by 2%. 7 309-032-1Table 1 World Economic expected value 2009 IMF 2006 2007 2008 2009 Original World output 5. 1 5. 0 3. 7 2. 2 Advanced economies 3. 0 2. 6 1. 4 United States 2. 8 2. 0 Euro area 2. 8 Germa ny 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 Revised Current forecast -0. 2 -0. 8 4. 8 2. 5 2. 4 -0. 3 -0. 1 -0. 8 2. 6 0. 3 0. 3 1. 4 -0. 7 -0. 1 -0. 8 2. 3 0. 4 -0. 5 2. 6 1. 2 -0. 5 -0. 1 -0. 7 2. 1 0. 1 3. 0 2. 5 1. 7 -0. 8 -0. 2 -0. 8 1. 7 0. 3 -0. 3 France 2. 2 2. 2 0. 8 -0. 5 -0. 1 -0. 6 2. 2 -0. 4 0. 2 Italy 1. 8 1. 5 -0. 2 -0. 6 -0. 1 -0. 4 0. 1 -0. 4 -0. 1 Spain 3. 9 3. 7 1. 4 -0. 7 -0. 5 3. 2 0. 2 -0. 6 Japan 2. 4 2. 1 0. 5 -0. 2 -0. 2 -0. 7 1. 4 -0. 3 0. 4United Kingdom 2. 8 3. 0 0. 8 -1. 3 -0. 2 -1. 2 2. 9 -0. 9 -0. 5 Canada 3. 1 2. 7 0. 6 0. 3 -0. 1 -0. 9 2. 8 1. 0 former(a) advanced economies 4. 5 4. 7 2. 9 1. 5 -0. 2 -1. 0 5. 0 1. 8 3. 0 5. 6 5. 6 3. 9 2. 1 -0. 1 -1. 1 6. 1 2. 2 4. 4 -0. 1 -0. 8 9. 0 8. 3 Newly industrialized Asian economies China 11. 6 11. 9 9. 7 8. 5 11. 3 7. 9 8. 0 6. 6 5. 1 -0. 3 -1. 0 8. 5 5. 9 5. 7 Africa 6. 1 6. 1 5. 2 4. 7 -0. 7 -1. 3 Brazil 3. 8 5. 4 5. 2 3. 0 -0. 5 6. 2 3. 9 3. 2 Central and eastern Europe 6. 7 5. 7 4. 2 2. 5 -0. 3 -0. 9 Commonwea lth of Independent States 8. 2 8. 6 6. 9 3. 2 -0. 3 -2. 5 7. 4 8. 1 6. 8 3. 5 0. 2 -2. 0 9. 5 5. 9 5. 8 9. 8 9. 3 7. 8 6. 3 8. 9 6. 6 6. 0 appear and developing economies2 Russia India 8 0. 1 0. 6 309-032-1 The important variable is private consumption. Growth and wage levels are expected to be pokey in real terms in the immediate future. Fiscal policies may eventfully result in high taxation, particularly to service government borrowing, some of which will be indirect and therefore industry specific. participation and exchange rates are also important as they affect disposable income. Interest rates have been slashed by the majority of central banks in developed countries and at the beginning of 2009 ranged from 0. % in Japan to 2. 5% across the Euro zone. Currency markets will probably continue to be volatile during 2009 as analysts assess which governments are following policies aimed at coming out of recession earlier than other nations without driving borrowing to unsust ainable levels. It is likely that persistently high levels of unemployment and reduced job security will keep consumer confidence low and lead to an increase in the savings ratio. This could impact in several ways on the replacement patterns of high value consumer durables. Replacement may be delayed, satisfied in the second hand market or by trading down when buying new.Global growth is expected to continue to decrease from the peak in 2004 but the speed of the decline in output will vary from section to region as seen in table 1. World trade will slow down, from growth of 10. 1% in 2004, to 5. 0% in 2007 and a forecast of 2. 4% in 2009. Labour productivity and trade good prices are also key issues. Global demand for oil has exceeded supply for much of 2008 with prices peaking at $147 per bbl before plummeting to $5 in early 2009 and in the long-term term, China has gone from being a net exporter of oil in 1995 to a position where it is predicted that 55% of its demand will be merchandise by 2030.There are clear linkages with economic factors as wealth generally leads to raised expectations. In less developed markets, the consumers initial aspiration is simply for a convenient means of transport over longer distances and in this respect, the Nano from Tata may provide particular advantage. Increasing levels of wealth and confidence bring demands for more train equipment, greater choice of versions, niche products, passenger safety and consideration of the environment. 9 309-032-1 The degree of nationalism within country markets can also be significant and clear example of this is the German market where buyers demo a clear preference for German cars. It is forecast that subsequent generations of buyers will think less along national lines as education, travel and integration all increase. This process will also be deepen by local production, as demonstrated by Toyota, Nissan and Honda in the UK and VW in China. The need for transport is nigh infinit ely flexible in relation to its ease and cost. Governments have the task of balancing this need against the economic and ecological considerations as well as the prospect of increased leisure time for many people.There are currently 500 million cars on the road throughout the world and by 2030 this figure is expected to rise to 1 billion with a further 500 million lorries and motorcycles. thoroughfare transport accounts for 20% of the global CO2 output and this figure could rise as traffic increases in developing countries. Technology represents another significant industry specific driver and can be considered under process cost, ecological pressure and increased consumer demands for new products increasing choice, comfort, performance and safety.Smart cards im siced in engine management systems will be capable of measuring the quantity of polluting emissions with the results used to prepare individual tax bills. Road side sensors or global positioning satellites will charge heavi ly for road use during close up periods with reduced or waived charges at other times of the day. The use of zombis for assembly is increasing and it is estimated that 40% of the worlds 610,000 robot population are used in the car industry. This is already affecting the propensity of companies to relocate in areas of low labour cost, as the cost advantage is being eroded.Product development issues will include fuel source, the balance between design and aerodynamics, automation of driver systems, satellite positioning and matching vehicles or versions to individual lifestyles. Process development will be concerned with flexibility, quality and cost issues. Supplier relationships and internal value chains will change in two significant respects due to these factors 1 Car manufacturers increasingly lack capabilities in relation to new technologies and are out sourcing total solution render to first tier suppliers, who are in 10 309-032-1 urn responsible for relationships with seco nd and third tier companies. 2 Process technology is becoming so specialised that manufacturers are having to develop in house capabilities in order to supply their exact requirements. It is also forecast that differentiation and the analyzableity of technology will tie customers to authorised service dealers throughout the life of the vehicle. This will alter the relationship between margins made on the sale of a car and those subsequently derived from serving and the sale of replacement parts. Outlook for the Global IndustryThe production and supply of cars has been concentrated in the three zones of the triad until recently, however there will be a degree of fragmentation over the next ten years as Eastern Europe, South America, China and India develop both in terms of consumption and production. The Chinese government welcomes foreign direct investment and has relaxed rules for setting up businesses and realises that foreign capital and 21st century technology can help the co untry to industrialise more quickly. There are five major indigenous car manufacturers in China as well as many smaller companies.Their main problem is a lack of both brands and designs. Shanghai Auto is number one in the domestic market and ranked at 373 in the 2008 Fortune Global 500, but still only produces 800,000 cars a year through joint ventures with GM and VW and this provided the rationale for the purchase of MG Rover assets and the 2007 merger with the Nanjing Automobile Company . Table 2 2009 vehicle sales forecasts 2007 versus 2009 (millions of cars) estate New 2009 forecast Original 2007 forecast % Decrease USA 14. 3 18. 6 23. 0% Western Europe 14. 0 16. 9 17. 0% China 8. 0 7. 9 same(predicate) Japan 4. 8 6. 0 20. 0%Eastern Europe 5. 8 3. 6 India 1. 8 2. 1 14. 0% South Korea 1. 6 2. 1 24% (61% increase) Sources Ernst and Young, Fortune, SMMT, Business Mirror, FT & Reuters 11 309-032-1 It can clearly be seen that the short term growth opportunities are in Eastern Eur ope and possibly China. The big European and North American producers face massive structural problems, pension deficits, overcapacity, mature markets and falling prices. Emerging markets offer some relief but competition will be at least as fierce and may require a move to smaller, lighter cars and this will favour some manufacturers more than others.Dongfeng Nissan and Geely Automobile in China are both forecasting sales increases during 2009, found on their range of small, inexpensive models. The motor car will increasingly be a target for environmentally make taxation and legislation. Industry rationalisation is long overdue, but government and unions in some countries will decline any attempt by manufacturers to cut large numbers of jobs and this tension will be a feature of 2009/10 as governments attempt to counter rising unemployment and balance public finances.Much of the cost pressure being felt by OEMs is being passed onto suppliers or eased by relocating manufacturing and sourcing to Eastern Europe and China. Currently, 33% of all suppliers have manufacturing facilities in Eastern Europe and 17% in China and this trend will continue with Western Europe and the U. S. adding value through marketing, engineering and design, though this raises the issue of technology larceny and intellectual property rights. Russia, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic are the most important sales markets in Eastern Europe and also represent important manufacturing locations along with Slovakia and Slovenia.China is now VWs second largest sales market after Germany and General labours generated 44% of global earnings from the same country, both companies plan a series of new vehicle launches during 2009. Russia is also a potentially large market with 144 million people and car ownership only one third of the level in Germany. Sales have duple to over 3. 5 million units a year, (P. W. C. ) but the forecast for 2009 is a 15% reduction as the effect of lower oil p rices affects the economy.German and Japanese cars are in high demand, though the government has appointive that 80% of officials should drive Volgas with the remaining 20% being supplied with BMWs built in Kalingrad and Fords made near St Petersburg. The Russian OEMs such as Moskvitch, Gaz and Ural tend to focus on the largest part of the market which is for cars costing less than $4000. Other manufacturers with plants already there, include Renault, GM and VW, with Nissan, Hyundai, Peugeot and Mitsubishi currently constructing new facilities, (Business Week). Renault has become partners with Avtvaz, paying $1 billion for a 12 309-032-1 5% stake in early 2008 and the next phase, according to PWC will be the payoff of a powerful components industry to supply as foreign brand cars manufactured in Russia are forecast to rise to 2 million by 2012. Ford, VW and Renault have all announced extended plant shutdowns during the early part of 2009, (New York Times), however PWC still foreca sts that despite these short term strongies, sales will continue to rise to six million units by 2014 and analysts at Russian agency Avtostat, predict that Russia will be the third largest car market in the world by 2012, behind only the US and China.Eastern Europe is improving in terms of productivity and competitiveness, is close to major EU markets and combines low wages with a skilled work on force. Political pressure will focus on the production of cars suitable for export markets in order to earn currency, but government attitudes to foreign direct investment may alter if Russia joins the WTO. Collaboration between Eastern and Western European companies is growing rapidly, based on the mutual benefits of technology/skills transfer and market entry.Ironically, economic measures aimed at strengthening local currencies in order to reduce inflation, are making it more difficult for exporters to remain competitive. GM and Ford have invested in low volume production but many of t he other OEMs have adopted a more cautious approach, although Toyota, Daewoo, Mitsubishi and Renault are successfully importing cars. The level of global sales and therefore production in 2009 is very difficult to forecast as it depends largely on how quickly financial institutions make credit available at somewhere close to previous levels. 0. 2 million cars were manufactured in 2007, falling to 67. 9 million in 2008, (J. D. Powers). Honda forecasts that European production will fall by over 12. 0%, but increase by 5% in China during 2009. VW expects the whole year to be difficult, particularly the first two quarters. PWC is forecasting a 17% fall in sales in the US, 12% across Europe and 5% in Asia Pacific. The firm remains upbeat about 2010, predicting a recovery in global sales of up to 15%. 13 309-032-1 Table 3 Preferred Manufacturing Locations Country Very attractive Attractive Total Czech Republic 0% 44% 94% China 71% 18% 89% Hungary 40% 45% 85% Poland 36% 46% 82% USA 36% 33 % 69% Slovakia 40% 28% 68% South Korea 16% 48% 64% Mexico 21% 39% 60% Western Europe 18% 23% 41% India 15% 23% 38% Brazil 14% 21% 35% Ukraine 15% 18% 33% Romania 10% 23% 33% Slovenia 16% 14% 30% Bulgaria 5% 19% 24% 11% 10% 21% Argentina 5% 11% 16% Thailand 5% 8% 13% Vietnam 0% 10% 10% Russia 4% 4% 8% Australia 1% 3% 4% Croatia 1% 1% 2% Yugoslavia 1% 0% 1% Japan Source Ernst and Young Competitive Analysis The global market leader during 2007 in terms of volume was GM which produced 9. 5 million vehicles compared with Toyota at 8. 5 million, however adding Daihatsu, (a wholly owned subsidiary) brings Toyotas total production level with GM and as can be seen in the table overleaf, Toyota now produces more cars than GM when commercial vehicle sales are discounted. It is also worth noting that if the production figures for Renault with Nissan are combined, they climb to fifth place ahead of Honda. 14 309-032-1 Table 4 World absoluteing of Manufacturers 2007 Rank Group Total (Millions) Cars Total Vehicle Production 72. 18 56. 30 1GM 9. 34 6. 26 2 Toyota 8. 53 7. 21 3 VW 6. 27 5. 96 4 Ford 6. 25 3. 56 5 Honda 3. 91 3. 87 6 prostate specific antigen 3. 46 3. 02 7 Nissan 3. 43 2. 65 8 order 2. 68 1. 99 9 Renault 2. 67 2. 28 10 Hyundai 2. 62 2. 29 11 Suzuki 2. 60 2. 28 12 Chrysler 2. 54 0. 75 13 Daimler 2. 10 1. 33 14 BMW 1. 54 1. 54 15 Mitsubishi 1. 41 1. 10 16 Kia 1. 37 1. 29 17 Mazda 1. 28 1. 16 18 Daihatsu 0. 86 0. 71 19 Avtovaz 0. 73 0. 73 20 FAW 0. 69 0. 69 21 Tata 0. 59 0. 24 22 Fuji 0. 58 0. 51 23 Chana Automobile 0. 54 0. 54 24 Beijing Automotive 0. 45 0. 45 25 Dongfeng Motor 0. 44 0. 44Source International Organisation of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) It is notable that four firms in the top 50 produce fewer than 100,000 cars a year and fifteen make fewer than 250,000 cars and the top ten Chinese companies only produce around 3 million cars between them, while Tata has a long way to go before it becomes a volume player. 15 309-032-1 Table 5 World Vehi cle Production by Country in 2007 Country Total Vehicle Production (Millions) Japan 11. 60 USA 10. 80 PR China 8. 90 Germany 6. 20 South Korea 4. 10 France 3. 00 Brazil 2. 95 Spain 2. 90 Canada 2. 60 India 2. 30 Mexico . 10 UK 1. 75 Russia 1. 65 Italy 1. 30 Thailand 1. 25 Turkey 1. 10 Iran 1. 00 Czech Republic 0. 95 Belgium 0. 85 Poland 0. 80 Source International Organisation of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) Corporate Strategies Diversification is still common within the automotive industry, however the most prevalent strategy is forward integration. Most of the added value is now derived from finance, servicing and the sale of spare parts. Growth by acquisition has been used by G. M. , Fiat, Tata and VW to overcome mobility barriers and gain front line in the upper luxury segments, although G.M. in particular is more focused on the U. S. market in this respect. Toyota and Honda conversely, chose organic growth by establishing the Lexus and Acura brands organically. BMW now ha s its own range in the important four motorcycle drive market 16 309-032-1 and its acquisition of Rolls-Royce leaves them with a more sustainable portfolio, including Mini, which it retained when it sold MG Rover. Mercedes on the other hand, is relying on brand extension and the rebirth of the Maybach brand to increase volume since the end of its ill fated merger with Chrysler.The successful merger between Renault and Nissan raises question about the two remaining European independents, PSA and Fiat. Collaboration As markets mature, manufacturers are being forced to cut be and increase scale. The manufacturing process has had most of the possible cost squeezed out in the last ten years. Companies already buy components from each other or share development costs, for example the alliance between PSA and Renault to supply gearboxes. Collaboration is based on mutual need and can either be used to spread costs or as a market entry strategy.There appears to be a conjure of emphasis fr om the interchange of resources towards combining, as well as a more open attitude by Western companies to close co-operation. It is becoming multi dimensional as manufacturers analyse their value chains, not only with a view to outsourcing, but on a geographical basis. Relocation, rationalisation and new bases for supplier relationships will dramatically alter the profile of the entire industry by 2010 There are a number of analogue developments occurring The component supply industry has tiered, with Tier 1 suppliers becoming solution providers.They develop and supply whole vehicle systems such as brakes, engine management, steering and suspension. These suppliers have becoming knowledge partners and have taken on the role of managing relationships with tiers 2 and 3, who have found themselves isolated from the car manufacturers. Technology is increasingly complex and from outside the traditional automotive industry. Electronics, currently constitute around 23% of the value of a car, this will rise to 40% by 2010. As technology becomes more intelligent, components can be tailored to a wider range of applications.Software can now be used to alter the power and 17 309-032-1 torque profiles of diesel engines using inbuilt codes, offering the opportunity to use one engine across a wide range of model sizes. It could also be combined with GPS to automatically limit speed to the legal maximum. For this reason, medical specialist suppliers are achieving greater economies of scale than even the largest OEMs can hope to achieve in house. Car makers are reducing the number of varying components even at platform level, but increasing consumer choice by offering more variants in terms of trim and accessories. They are recognising the concept of needlessly unique components, where the cost of developing many alternatives does not raise customer perceptions of value. Components which the customer perceives to be invisible will be standardised. These will include c hassis, steering, driveline and braking systems. Others will be made common where possible, including instruments, controls and airbags. Only variants required to be different by the customer will be specific to models and examples of these include paintwork, exterior trim, fascia and deoxyephedrine. Component suppliers are being forced to grow, in order to stay within cost targets set by their customers. Suzuki insists that all main suppliers with fewer than 100 employees must merge with other suppliers. Global car makers logically require global component suppliers. Car companies will increasingly become assemblers as they turn their main strategic attention towards, design, marketing and their distribution channels. Technology and Re depend and Development It is becoming more difficult to sustain competitive advantage through product differentiation.OEMs however, are continuing to invest heavily in seek and development in an attempt to attract customers and no detail is seen a s insignificant. Audi claims that its new V10 R8 is the first car in the world with all LED headlamps and rear-view mirrors have become high tech, with power folding, photo chromic glass and vision cameras aimed at pedestrian or occupant detection. It is likely 18 309-032-1 however that the technology focus will increasingly be on new fuel sources and lower pollution levels as firms attempt to anticipate future customer demands.Pollution and Resource Consumption Pollution has evolved from a series of localised problems into a global issue. The range of pollutants is also increasing and now includes CO2, CO, NOx, SO2, CFC, Methane and Nitrates. Automobiles currently have 80% of the global individual(prenominal) transport market and 55% of goods transportation. Their effect on the natural environment is therefore significant and ranges from 5% of total SO2 emissions up to 70% of all CO2 emissions. Noise and waste products also contribute to environmental deterioration.More than 500 k g of every car produced ends up in land fill sites, accounting for 4% of total rubbish weight. Companies are beginning to take these issues seriously as it is probable that eventually they will bear responsibility for disassembly and total recycling. Renault for example spends 30% of total R & D work out and employs 1000 people on environment related issues. This is shared between compliance with future pattern and attempting to gain advantage over competing companies.The Euro 96 norms mean much tighter controls over emission levels and these are reverberate by U. S. legislation. No detail is too small to escape attention in this constant search for technological advantage. In Europe for example, 180,000 tonnes of fuel evaporates every year during the refuelling process and fuel tanks are being redesigned to eliminate the problem. Reduction in fuel consumption is a major research area and engines are being developed with reduced friction, more efficient combustion and better igni tion.Diesel cars remain an alternative and work also continues on small electric cars. Engines capable of using renewable fuels such as soybean oil have been in existence since the 1970s, but unless governments deliberately favour these alternatives via changes in taxation policy, they will only slowly gain acceptance. There are encouraging signs however, in Sweden 66% of orders for the new Saab 95 are for the version that runs on 85% bio ethanol derived from sugar cane and British Sugar is considering mental synthesis a bio ethanol plant in the U.K. Hybrid vehicles running on oil 19 309-032-1 based fuel and electricity are gaining in popularity and fuel cell cars will be on the road by 2020 Table 6 World commodity Prices 2000 to 2010 Commodity prices, 2000-2010 Percent change Forecast Commodity 2000-2005 -26. 4 1. 8 33. 9 1. 0 57. 2 -10. 8 -4. 2 3. 1 33. 9 97. 8 -23. 1 -10. 0 29. 1 17. 0 22. 4 -19. 1 -4. 3 12. 7 20. 0 28. 4 -21. 5 -1. 3 10. 0 25. 6 35. 2 -23. 3 -0. 3 18. 4 26. 1 50. 9 -28. 9 2. 6 22. 7