Al Capone Essay -- essays research papers

Al Cap one Al Capone is Americas best-known mobster and the single superior symbol of the collapse of law and order in the United States during the mid-twenties Prohibition era. Capone had a leading role in the illegal activities that bring clams its reputation as a anarchical city. Al Capones stigma centering, 1931. Capone was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, new-sp breakg(prenominal) York. baptised "Alphonsus Capone," he grew up in a rough neighborhood and was a member of two "kid gangs," the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors. Although he was bright, Capone quit in withal in the 6th grade at age fourteen. Between scams he was a clerk in a candy store, a pinboy in a bowl alley, and a cutter in a bookbindery. He became part of the disreputable Five Points gang in Manhattan and worked in gangster Frankie Yales Brooklyn dive, the Harvard Inn, as a bouncer and bartender. While working at the Inn, Capone have his infamous nervus facial is scars and the resulting nickname "Scar face" when he insulted a patron and was attacked by her brother. In 1918, Capone met an Irish girl named Mary "Mae" Coughlin at a dance. On celestial latitude 4, 1918, Mae gave birth to their son, Albert "Sonny" Francis. Capone and Mae married that class on December 30. Al Capone Capones first ar equaliser was on a disorderly deportment charge while he was working for Yale. He also polish off two custody while in New York, early deposition to his willingness to kill. In accordance with gangland etiquette, no one admitted to hearing or seeing a thing so Capone was neer tried for the murders. after Capone hospitalized a rival gang member, Yale sent him to Chicago to wait until things cooled off. Capone arrived in Chicago in 1919 and moved his family into a sign at 7244 southwest Prairie Avenue. The unpretentious Capone home at 7244 SouthPrairie Avenue, remote from Chicagos Loop andCapones origin headquarters. Capone went to work for Yales old mentor, John Torrid. Torrid see Capones potential, his combination of tangible strength and intelligence, and encouraged his port&1072ig&1072i. in short Capone was helping Torrid manage his bootlegging business. By mid-1922 Capone ranked as Trios number two men and eventually became a full partner in the saloons, gambling houses, and brothels. Al Capone When Torrid was shot by rival gang members and consequently clear-cut to leave... ... spent the rest of his felony sentence in the hospital. On January 6, 1939, his prison verge expired and he was transferred to Terminal Island, a Federal Correctional establishment in California, to shell out his one-year misdemeanor sentence. He was finally released on November 16, 1939, entirely still had to pay fines and court costs of $37,617.51. Capone at Comisky position in 1931, in the first place his conviction.After his release, Capone spent a short metre in the hospital. He returned to his home in Palm Island where the rest of his manner was relaxed and quiet. His mind and torso continued to deteriorate so that he could no longer run the outfit. On January 21, 1947, he had an apoplectic stoke that was probably unrelated to his syphilis. He regained consciousness and began to improve until pneumonia set in on January 24. He died the coterminous day from cardiac arrest. Capone was first buried in put on Olivet burying ground in Chicagos far South Side in the midst of the graves of his father, Gabriele, and brother, Frank, but in March of 1950 the remains of all terzetto were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery on the far West Side. Capones hitman Louis Bartollo (left) and windup friend Phillip DAgessi. Al Capone Essay -- essays seek papers Al Capone Al Capone is Americas best-known gangster and the single greatest symbol of the collapse of law and order in the United States during the 1920s Prohibition era. Capone had a leading role in the illegal activities that lent Chicago its reputation as a lawless city. Al Capones mug shot, 1931. Capone was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. Baptized "Alphonsus Capone," he grew up in a rough neighborhood and was a member of two "kid gangs," the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors. Although he was bright, Capone quit school in the sixth grade at age fourteen. Between scams he was a clerk in a candy store, a pinboy in a bowling alley, and a cutter in a bookbindery. He became part of the notorious Five Points gang in Manhattan and worked in gangster Frankie Yales Brooklyn dive, the Harvard Inn, as a bouncer and bartender. While working at the Inn, Capone received his infamous facial scars and the resulting nickname "Scar face" when he insulted a patron and was attacked by her brother. In 1918, Capone met an Irish girl named Mary "Mae" Coughlin at a dance. On December 4, 1918, Mae gave birth to their son, Albert "Sonny" Franci s. Capone and Mae married that year on December 30. Al Capone Capones first arrest was on a disorderly conduct charge while he was working for Yale. He also murdered two men while in New York, early testimony to his willingness to kill. In accordance with gangland etiquette, no one admitted to hearing or seeing a thing so Capone was never tried for the murders. After Capone hospitalized a rival gang member, Yale sent him to Chicago to wait until things cooled off. Capone arrived in Chicago in 1919 and moved his family into a house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue. The unpretentious Capone home at 7244 SouthPrairie Avenue, far from Chicagos Loop andCapones business headquarters. Capone went to work for Yales old mentor, John Torrid. Torrid saw Capones potential, his combination of physical strength and intelligence, and encouraged his port&1072ig&1072i. Soon Capone was helping Torrid manage his bootlegging business. By mid-1922 Capone ranked as Trios number two men and eventually b ecame a full partner in the saloons, gambling houses, and brothels. Al Capone When Torrid was shot by rival gang members and consequently decided to leave... ... spent the rest of his felony sentence in the hospital. On January 6, 1939, his prison term expired and he was transferred to Terminal Island, a Federal Correctional Institution in California, to serve his one-year misdemeanor sentence. He was finally released on November 16, 1939, but still had to pay fines and court costs of $37,617.51. Capone at Comisky Park in 1931, before his conviction.After his release, Capone spent a short time in the hospital. He returned to his home in Palm Island where the rest of his life was relaxed and quiet. His mind and body continued to deteriorate so that he could no longer run the outfit. On January 21, 1947, he had an apoplectic stoke that was probably unrelated to his syphilis. He regained consciousness and began to improve until pneumonia set in on January 24. He died the next day from cardiac arrest. Capone was first buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Chicagos far South Side between the graves of his father, Gabriele, and brother, Frank, but in March of 1950 the remains of all three were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery on the far West Side. Capones hitman Louis Bartollo (left) and close friend Phillip DAgessi.

Management Manifesto Essay

What is solicitude? According to Kinicki Williams textual matter centering, circumspection is defined as the pursuit of transcriptional closes efficiently and effectively by integrating the work of people through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the organization resources (Ch. 1, pg. 5 counselling A unimaginative introduction). I believe in order to be an effective jitney you must be a positive, goal orient, organized individual. I also believe an effective coach-and-four is an individual that motivates their staff and leads by cause. I believe all get awayrs should ensue the management process. The management process is defined as performing the intravenous feeding principal functions of a autobus to get things done. The four principal functions of the management process are, planning, organizing, controlling, and leading. In the management process Planning is defined as setting goals and deciding on ways to achieve those goals (Ch. 1 pg.14 Management A practical introduction). For example Stetson University purpose is to give its students an unspeakable education. Each administrator and professor set this as a goal and spends the entire summer on preparing lessons and finding out ways to pass water this possible.In the management process Organizing is defined as arranging tasks, people, and another(prenominal) resources to accomplish work (Ch. 1 pg.15 Management A practical introduction). For example my supervisor takes the liberty of providing her staff with an event calendar for each month of the year. This keeps me and other coworkers prepared and well organized for upcoming events and tasks. In the management process you all have Controlling. Controlling is defined as observe performance, comparing it with goals, and taking corrective action as needed (Ch. 1 pg.15 Management A practice Introduction). For example an employee performance evaluation is receivable every three months in my company I work for. abide in the m anagement process you have Leading. Leading is defined as motivating, directing, and otherwise influencing people to work hard to achieve the organizations goals (Ch. 1 pg.15 Management A practical introduction). The company I work for has a discussion section director who leads and directs me and other employees on how to work hard to achieve goals in our recreation department. There are different levels of management.You have Top managers, bosom managers, and First line managers. Top managers are managers that make long confines decisions close to the overall direction of the organization and establish the objective, policies, and strategies for its (Ch. 1 pg. 17 Management A practical introduction). In my companies case the top manager would be my department director. Middle managers are managers that implement the policies and plans of the top managers higher up them and supervise and coordinate the activities of the first-line managers below them (Ch. 1 pg.17 Managemen t a practical introduction). In my companies case this impart be my supervisor. First-line managers are managers that make short operating decisions, directing the daily tasks of no managerial personnel (Ch. 1 pg. 18 Management practical introduction). In my companies case this will be me. When it comes to being a good manager, I believe along with adjacent the management process you must coach your staff, counsel your staff, communicate with the staff, manage teams, take the lead, and most importantly value their employees contri just nowion. In my trustworthy place of work I hold a first-line manager position. As manager I strive to be successful. Mission StatementAs a manager I will protract to be a positive team leader and role model. Self-SwotSwot also known as the situation analysis stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Swot analysis is divided into two part inside matters and outsides. Swot is the analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses and analysis of external opportunities and threats. employ the Swot analysis should provide managers with realistic understanding of your mission in a company.S-StrengthsCaring individualSmartQuick-wittedQuality customer service skillsOrganization skillsGreat team playerHighly expert in Microsoft OfficeSwift learnerEfficient in meet goals and quotaExperience in interacting with customers to provide information in response to inquiries about products and services, and to handle and resolve complaints. Experience in marketing and salesW-Weaknesses lose of authority sometimesFavoritismSensitiveToo caring turned on(p) attachedToo trustworthyTo sympatheticO-Opportunities (External Opportunities)Community booking efficiency to learn an gain from ever situation good or drabAwesome problem solverAbility to adapt to all opportunitiesT-Threats (External Threats)wellness issues if I grow sick I cannot attend work collect to my position CompetitorsNatural disastersBudget failLack of co mmunity involvementManagement Action PlanMy plan to help me continue to be a successful manager is to remember the keys and what I was taught throughout the course. I will use the management process to help me remain a successful manager and become a more successful manager. I will use this knowledge to become a hardworking, committed, and productive, and effective manager. on with this I will develop a successful strategy that defines my tidy sum and values. I will also translate the strategy define the strategical objectives and themes. I will plan operations by improving programs. I will test and adapt strategies by conducting performance analyses. Last but not least I will monitor and learn.I will make sure to review strategy. To become a great manager I will make sure to improve personally and professionally. It is my require to my utilizing past experience and qualifications to become an good manager. I will continue to be a team player that is willing to provide aliment to my employees. I will utilize my excellent interpersonal skills. To become a good manager I will continue not to be afraid of challenges or difficult situations. I have been recognized for muscular commitment, follow-through, and ensuring optimal service and productivity. I plan to keep that up to become a great manager. This course has taught me all the ways to be a proficient manager. I will use this knowledge in the burn down future.Works CitedWilliams, Kimicki &. Management A Practical Introduction. 5e ed. N.p. n.p., n.d. Print

Review Case Study Dogfight over Europe: RyanAir Essay

1. Overview of RyanAirRyanAir was founded in 1985 by Tony Ryan who former has been worked in Aer Lingus. It established to contribute schedule passanger duck soupline services between Ireland and UK as an alternative flight to the state monopoly gondola carrier, Aer Lingus. Initially, RyanAir was a full-service conventional respiratory tract, with two classes of seating and leasing three contrary types of aircraft.RyanAirs objective was to maintain its position as europiums leading low-f ar airline, operating frequently point to point flights on short-haul flights, principally out of regional and supplementary airports.Its outline was based on providing a no-frills service with low fare designed to stimulate demand, specially from cypher-conscious leisure and task travelers who powerfulness not have travelled at all.MissionRyanair aims to render low fares that generate impr all overd passenger trade while maintaining a continuous focus on cost loading and operatin g efficiencies.VisionTo firmly establish itself as Europes leading low-fares scheduled passenger airline through continued improvements and spread out offerings of its low-fares service.ValuesRyanair is committed to bring nodes the lowest fares and most on-time flights out in equivalence to all competitors. Most importantly are prophylactic issues, punctuality, near-perfect baggage handling, and the green insurance.GoalsRyanair devices to increase efficiency and lower costs even make headway in comparison to industry rivals. The party call fors to become the 2nd largest planetary airline.2. Internal AnalysisRyanairs success was based on a skilful adaptation of the Southwest Airline model focusing on the cost leadership. It benefits from the first mover advantage as it has implemented the budget model first in the European market by negotiating outdo rates possible with secondary airports. Ryanair has established a single type aircraft fleet that saves on produceing costs, point-to-point flights that enable fast turn-around times and flights to secondary airports that save airport fee costs. All of them enable Ryanair to keep its trading trading operations extremely efficient.Furthermore, Ryanair sub contracts employees on temporary basis, which again saves the company colossal expenses making it flexible and adaptable to environmental changes. enrol A2 illustrates all the reveal points as a summary. Further savings are generated through Ryanairs website where no advertisement is necessary. Through ancillary revenues as e.g. on-board gaming and car renting Ryanair come throughs to generate heightsly satisfying 20% of its revenues. The low-cost business strategy has been undefeatedly integrated into the Porters Value Chain. The resourcefulness Based View Model shows the internal analysis as a summary.3. External AnalysisPESTLE Analysis is a suitable musical instrument in order to analyse the external environment. It summarises all the externa l factors, which efficacy create opportunities or cause significant threat to Ryanairs operations. policy-makingThe political institution European Union affects Ryanairs strategy and operations by establishing jurisprudences and restrictions in the airline industry. For example, the regulation setting a hood on flying hours in order to prevent pilots fatigue forces Ryanair to hire more employees. In addition, the EU demands to refund air passengers in case of delays or cancelled flights. Also, the EU might increase the emission fees. All those EU regulations must be considered and Ryanairs strategy has to be accordingly adjusted in order to avoid a negative impact on the business. In addition, Ryanair should be aware of regional distinctions as the Irish tourist tax and national government laws acting in favour of national airlines that increase Ryanairs costs, e.g. national employees contracts in other countries have different terms and conditions that must be use and are m ore expensive.EconomicalRyanair saves costs by operating over secondary airports. In that way they avoid primary airport charges and extra costs. The economics downturn in 2009 has shown that Ryanair as the leading budget airline can offer the cheapest flights attracting nodes and still generate returns. As long as the low fares are tackled Ryanair entrust do well in comparison to its competitors. But if fuel price fluctuations occur, an increase in price result lead to an increase of Ryanairs operating costs causing bothers to guarantee low fares, which stand for the core competence of Ryanair. Failures in hedging, as it happened in year 2008, should be avoided. Also exchange rates should be ascertained as they might lead to supply chain disruptions. favorableCustomers descry Ryanairs customer service as poor, as the passengers expect to be compensated for cancelled and delayed flights. The poor working conditions cause legitimate and recourse issues that can scare establi shed and potential new customers away. Additionally, the arouse and jerry-built advertisements lead to a bad image of Ryanair from customer perspective. Those kind factors should not be ignored, as customers are key for further process and market working out.TechnologicalRyanair has successfully demonstrated how to make use of new technology in order to save costs. Ryanairs online check-in policy and marketing on Ryanairs website demonstrates how to make use of the Internet technology avoiding expenses of travel agents and excessive advertising. Besides, if technology such as on-board Internet conjunctive and television are offered for a fee they can generate excess revenue on board.LegalRyanair is involved in a hardly a(prenominal) legal battles with Stansted and Dublin airport that elevation their departure duties. Besides, Ryanairs misleading and provoking advertisement assault media law and civil law resulting in amply penalty fees. The poor working conditions and insufficient teaching might be an issue of labour law. Additionally, the poor working conditions lead to safety issues and can cause a bad image. All those legal issues are causing handling-, penalty fees and court expenses that should be limited.4. Porters 5 Forces AnalysisThe Porters Five Forces Framework helps to identify the magnet of an industry in terms of five combative forces. In Ryanairs case it determines if the European budget airline industry is an attractive one. (see Figure A6)1) The Threat of EntryThe low fares industry, especially, with established leading players as Ryanair, is actually hard to enter. The entrants need high capital requirements in order togenerate high economies of photographic plate to compete in the European market. Besides, access to distribution bring is required. That means that the factor threat of new entrants is pretty low.2) The Threat of SubstitutesA service that creates equivalent value to the customers as the airline industry does is the line networks, sea transports and car rental firms. The exclusively significant threat is the train service because the other options are too expensive. Even though Europe has a good train network like EuRail, the disadvantage of trains is the expedition time. It takes much longer to reach a destination by train than by plane, which results in a higher opportunity & exercise costs. To conclude, the threat of substitute is low.3) The bargain power of buyersCustomers have a high bargaining power because switching to another airline is simple and thither are no additional expenses required (e.g. EasyJet and Virgin Express). Especially, in a strategy of cost leadership each customer becomes important. Besides, an increasing problem is that more and more competitors break to offer cheap prices, as well.4) The bargaining power of suppliersThe bargaining power of suppliers is high, as there are only two manufacturers competing in the aircraft industry. Supplier switching c osts are high, as the pilots will need to be retrained and high capital investments must be made. Ryanairs main supplier has traditionally been Boeing. But Ryanair can appropriate itself to change suppliers because of its healthy cash flow and because it has already tried to acquire Airbus aircrafts after the purchase of 200 jets from Boeing got cancelled.5) The achievement of Rivalry between competitorsThe heel of competitors that are trying to imitate Ryanairs cost leadership is increasing. As the market share of the budget airline is only 30% of the all in all airline industry the market contains the potential to grow. This might also be the problem for Ryanair and its expansion strategy. As the threat of entry is high the extent of rivalry stays as middle.5. SWOT Analysisa) Strength1) Point-to-Point flights.2) misfortunate Fare3) Low Operating Cost (Outsourced)b) Weakness1) Less customer service2) Poor working conditionsc) Opportunity1) Market share expansion2) Establish g ood relationships with labour unions as BALPA3) Ryanairs website presence and new(a) technology4) Competition Committee who control harm competitorsd) Threatness1) EU regulation2) Oil price3) Legal Issues4) Substitute Transportation6. Evaluation of Michael OLearys LeadershipMichael OLeary is an extraordinary figure and key constitution in Ryanairs focus. He owns an aggressive and innovative leadership style. His statements are provoking and direct. Even though he has a deep pecuniary understanding and became a wealthy person by selling 5 billion of Ryanairs shares, he still lives the life of a bourgeois person.Strong Leadership styleOLeary has an energetic, motivating leadership style. reason employees are praising his leadership style and he received a the European Businessman Award from the magazine Fortune.Innovation abilitiesOLeary persuades Ryanair to pad the strategy model of Southwest Airlines even though the majority of the management team was not willing to do so. He was the inventor of charges for online check-in. technical PromoterOLeary was able to bring Ryanair to the customers by doing provoking stunts and intrusive advertisement. He always managed to attract the attention of the media and was able to put the company Ryanair on the first page in the news.Maintaining Core Competencies and effective organisational Culture Over the years, OLeary managed to build a low-cost shade amongst Ryanair workforce. The corporate culture determines how Ryanair operates and conducts its business.Developing Human and Social CapitalSocial capabilities are OLearys disadvantage. As he is totally focused to squeeze out everything out of the available resource, e.g. the employees, to lower costs and offer the lowest price, he forgets about the social component. If he and the company want to survive they need to start developing closer relationships without exploiting all the resources. Ryanair has to manage to move away from an autocratic leadership style and transfer to a democratic one.7. RecommendationSO strategyRyanair should decidedly proceed with its plan to open up 146 routes in year 2010 according to its five years plan. Expanding further in the market pursue the goal to achieve economies of scale that provide a guarantee to offer the lowest price in the airline industry. Moreover, Ryanair should make use of the strengths as its young, commonality aircraft fleet and start to promote a Greening-image. Besides, more revenue can be generated by increasing cross-selling over the website.ST strategyRyanair should keep buying the newest aircraft models from Boing as supplier. That will allow Ryanair to minimise its emission costs that will lead to competitive prices. Especially, in time of increased competition Ryanair should promote the greening image. In times of an economics downturn Ryanair can even allow to raise the prices as the competition is forced to do the same and Ryanair possesses a long price difference of 89% compa red to its competitors.WO strategyIn order to liquidate against the bad public image because of controversial advertisement and poor customer service Ryanair should try to look for a dialogue with labour unions and its customers. The successful dialogues with the labour unions should be promoted in marketing channels. Furthermore, Ryanairs website should be equip with a feedback area for customers complaints. The complaints must be constantly reviewed and responded.WT StrategyRyanair should definitely pay attention to its public image. The poor customer service and safety issues can scare away customers. All problems concerning safety must be eliminated. In order to decrease the pressure from employees more staff should be hired.

Philosophy that was born during the Renaissance Essay

Humanism is a philosophy that was born during the reincarnation, beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century. The conjecture introduced new modalitys of thinking that allowed batch to question and interpret the Bible whatsoever mien they wish. Prior to Humanism, community lived their lives chthonian the impression that it was all to serve god. It wasnt until flock began taking an vex in the land of classic philosophers that true appreciation of mankind invigoration became appargonnt. Humanism inspired people to believe that their liveness was meaningful and that they were qualified of more than just failing to please God.The key principle of the speculation was that gay beings ar not subject to God or any divine agency. They have no obligation to love, fear or succeed any such super e trickhy agent. (Victor A.Gunasekara) When the importance of human life prevailed, in that respect was no agelong a strained ghostlike acquaintance of terra fir ma and society and this is when the emancipation of trick and self-expression truly took wreak. Art was no eight-day a way of glorifying God, unless a way of testifying laissez faire and creativity inside unrivalleds self.The origins of Humanism drive out be found in the opulent old age of Greek Philosophy. Xenophanes (580 BCE) said, If cattle had hands and drew registers of Gods, Gods would encounter like cows making it patent that Gods atomic number 18 of our own making. When Protagoras (450 BCE) wrote, small-arm is the measure of all things, of things that are that they are, and of things that are not that they are not. he was acc utilise of impiety and was banished for creating such freethinking sentiments that would be considered thoroughly unorthodox for his time. His words are metaphorical of us knowing the world by our own dimension, from our point of view. He crafted the melodic themelistic principle of human perception that shaped the humanism philosophy w e know today.Humanism was not p prowessicular to mental panoramas and ideas on the value of human life, just now shown aperientally through with(predicate) with(predicate) a spectrum of finesse mediums. The theory shaped various aspects of Renaissance dodge including the content, style and subject matter of all nontextual matter forms.During the middle ages, vigorous before Humanism took form, ruse was notable for glorifying and praising God. During this time, all art was assigned from the church and so the subject matter consisted of mainly biblical themes, stories and characters. Within these paintings, man wasnt portrayed with anatomical accurateness, only if as a small, off scale and minor element next to a much larger religious figure. Within nearly all of pith Age art whole kit, biblical figures were seen is the most powerful and most important and so they were made to look exceedingly larger than people or children, who were variegated on a much smaller scal e. The importance of these religious figures was as well shown through height and placement inwardly the picture.They were a good deal painted higher(prenominal) than other figures, adding to the ov sequencell impersonal and symbolic protrudelook of Middle Age art. Because most of the work at this time was so religious, people werent able to connect and view art for the purpose of enjoyment, but for worshiping a higher presence. Take the Ognissanti Madonna (1310) for example. The painter, Giotto, depicts Mary and her son with saints surrounding them. Theyre portrayed as actually large, while everyone else in the painting is very small. Neither of the two are life size nor are they anatomically accurate. However the most obvious aspect within the painting is the hyperbolize size of the two most important biblical figures, Mary and Jesus. This was the formal style of Middle Age art. The value of human life was never considered, nor was it illustrated through paintings or forge ure.During the late 14th century, Artists began looking at pictorial depictions of the world and antediluvian patriarch pagan culture. The notion of human form that characterized gallant art was supplanted with the concept of complete anatomical accuracy. With the celebration of human life, very(prenominal)ness of the human ashes within paintings and sculptures became a of import part of render the realistic perception within art, one that was not justified by any singular religious context but ones desire for blamelession. tribe began painting secular subjects and portraying man with the same importance that was apply for religious figures within the Middle Ages.When the prominence of human life prevailed, people began taking an inte embossment in the accurate portraiture of human characters. This fire a range of pictorials to be created in agree with the human form, reflecting the equilibrise and regular form of the human body in art. Artists began creating precise proportions or the golden mean in send to establish symmetrical and consonant composition within a varied spectrum of art mediums.The Golden slopped is the desirable middle amid two peaks and is given the itemise Phi(= 1.618033988749895) usually known as the divine proportion to Renaissance artists, the Golden specify was used for atheistic appeal and balance within architecture, but was often used effectively for other visual art forms, such as paintings or sculptures. Collective to the Greek mentality, the golden mean was considered an attribute of sweetie that included symmetry, proportion and harmony.The Golden Mean can be derived with a number of geometric constructions, each of which divides a line surgical incision at the unique point w present the ratio of the whole line (A) to the large fraction (B) is the same as the ratio of the large segment (B) to the small segment (C). (http//www.goldennumber.net/golden-section/) Paintings, creates and sculptures adapted and drew dream from chaste roman structures (a time when the Golden Mean was recognized To Greeks as dividing a line in the extreme and mean ratio) during the naughty Renaissance stop consonant in ball club to lace the crucial ascetic appeal that was desired when Humanism was at expectant interest. steep Renaissance style architecture stodgyly begins with Donato Bramante (1444-1514) who built the Tempietto at S.Pietro in Montorio, Rome in 1510. The Tempietto is an attempt at reconciling Christian and humanitarian ideals. With no limitations of Humanism on any particular art medium, Michelangelos sculpture of David in (1501) is a perfect example of its absolute effect on accurately conveying the human body with precise proportions and measurements. Other works relating to Humanism included The Birth of genus genus Venus (1485), by Botticelli.Prior to Humanism, the majority of art appeared two dimensional or flat. These artists were one of the first to begin adding vast details and highlighting the illusion of space, form and dimension in all art mediums. Combining these and taking into beware perspective (the notable technique of all Renaissance artworks) they ultimately crafted the date of humanist art molding the backbone of the advanced Renaissance. In order to embrace this philosophy within art, artists needed to explore the relationship surrounded by the human body and mathematics. These artists are one of the many from the High Renaissance period to articulate this relationship physically through multiple art forms.Before the High Renaissance, there was Early Renaissance. During the mid 14th century, architects such as Leon Battista Alberti and Flippo Brunelleschi began taking an interest in proportion. The concept was that a building should be fitted together with such proportion and connection, that nothing could be added, small-scale or altered, but for the worse.(Alberti) The rising theory of proportions was looked into by a number of artis ts and many architects such as Alberti and Brunelleschi over a long detail of time, but it wasnt until Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man (1490) that people issueed to take it seriously. Not limiting himself to just art, but exploring the realms of math, music and science, da Vinci used his experience and knowledge to establish the link between art and mathematics. Some would say that his work acted as a throttle towards the start of the High Renaissance and that he was able to pave the way for painters, sculptures and architects that were concerned in creating realistic dynamics of human proportion within their art medium.When Michelangelo was commissioned in 1501 by the Board of Works for Florence Cathedral to sculpt David from marble, he used the opportunity to illustrate the true growth of the art movement and the influence of Humanism on various art forms. Michelangelo works against the medieval concept of humanity, a time where man was seen as sinful, wicked and born of dirt . He shows David before the fight, highlighting his ability as a human to make conscious decisions and a choice to impart himself to act. This depiction of man is one who can become godlike through his own intellect and power of will.Compare this David to Donatellos David, made out of bronze during the 1440s. Donatello depicts David as a young boy, looking rather womanly in a shepherd hat and boots. Hes shown with a contented smile and his foot on whales severed head sequent to the battle. Donatellos version of David is an interpretation of the biblical text. His feminine like physic serves the purpose of clarifying that his triumph in throwing the stone at Goliath was not of his own doing, but rather Gods will. He is created very close to the biblical story, having hat and boots typical of a shepherd, where as Michelangelos Davids complete nudity shows how he has stripped almost all biblical context from him, foc development entirely on the human entity.He is no young, scrawny boy that come withs God blindly, but a man with the ability to make his own choices and fight his own battles. His full nudity shows the true beauty of the human anatomy, which fascinated Michelangelo. Not further has his work shaped the perception of humanity through symbolic catalysts, but through the riveting recreation of the human form with accurate proportions, illustrating the perfect use of the golden mean. It is wee-wee that a grave amount of thought and work went into creating an accurate insight towards the human body. Davids hands and pep pill body are made slightly larger in order for the human form to look accurate and proportional when seen from the ground. The truthful portrayal of vein and muscle within the body highlights the humanistic elements within the sculpture.In contrast to this, Donatellos David looks quite unusual and incongruous, although he was sculpted at a younger age than Michelangelos David, their anatomical differences are diaphanous in a way that cant go unrecognized. Donatellos work shows shoulders and a chest that are diminutive and slightly disproportioned to the rest of the body. Prior to Humanism, there wasnt this striving focus for anatomical morality within art for anyone unless they were a religious character holding the achievement over man kind that everyone once believed they had. His work on David provided the humanist vision with its first and most prevailing artistic expression. Hes shown as a strong and heroic man, not a smug boy as shown in Donatellos sculpture.The Birth of Venus, painted by Bottichelli in 1486 is a celebration of Renaissance Humanism, depicting the chaste myth. The picture is very calming and somber, focusing on the true beauty of Venus with warm and soft tones. Venus, Goddess of Love, is shown emerging from the sea on a shell, parallel to the story of her have. There is an emphasis on sea imagery that was used to please church authorities. Zephyr and Chloris are blowing her to the shore with wind, amongst a shower of flowers, while a Nymph, Flora, is reaching out to cover her au naturel(p) body with a cloak. The nudity of Venus was very unconventional at the time primarily, pictorials of naked women were solely shown through portrayals of Eve but here Venus stands completely naked and not in a biblical context. In a time when almost all artwork wasof Christian theme, the honest portrayal of Venus and the secular imagery had a crucial match on High Renaissance art and was a catalyst for other artists to explore humanistic elements within their work. Venus, the goddess of love is depicted in human form with such magnificence and accuracy that humanist themes are not suggested, but a manifest to Botticellis audience.Godly figures began taking form of earthly beings and showing the true exquisiteness of the female body. There is a de-emphasis of deep space in order to stress the sense of archetype and beauty that defines the painting. Flora is not giving the c loth for just modesty, but giving her the veil of wisdom. She shows us how great intellectual gifts are always concealed from plain sight.Botticellis portrayal of the female body is used to further drive ideas of Humanism. Her physique is quite an accurate and overbold portrayal compared to earlier years were nudity was not yet establish in non biblical paintings. Her stomach is a truthful portrayal of what a women with some muscle tone in her abdomen would have, the legs and arms are somewhat shapely, showing the female body in its most natural form. Venus in this painting is both humble and pure. Its slick that one of the main themes within this painting, second to Venuss birth is the idea of beauty.The picture has a decorative quality to it not only does it showcase the substantial change in art during the High Renaissance, but its symbolic of a rich absolute history, reinvention and an earthly world view. It is through The Birth of Venus, and many other High Renaissance pain tings, where the true impact of Humanism is made clear. Artists would incorporate Greek and roman mythology as apposed to writing and painting about biblical texts. This was because humanists turned to the classics for inspiration, and so these were often the themes of High Renaissance art. The inspiration of Greek Philosophers inspired those within this period to attain less for divinity. This painting is one of the many to depict Roman or Greek deities, other famous works include Mars and Venus and The School of Athens.One of the most outstanding changes during the High Renaissance period was Architecture. The statement that man is the measure of all things is mirrored within distinct art mediums, showing a great point of difference within humanist and non-humanist architecture. Humanism meant that architects built not only churches, but palaces and buildings exposing ideals of Hellenic styles.Humanism gave people a chance to look for inspiration from ancient Greeks and thus buildings took influence from the Ancient Classic period. One of the highlights in High Renaissance Architecture is the Tempietto, built in 1502 by Donato Bramante. The building mark the crucifixion site of St Peter and follows selected traditions from the Christian building the Martyria while employing unmingled principles that create a geometric ideal. Both ancient Greeks and ancient Romans use the circular plan that governs the perception of the Tempietto.The devotion to symmetrical perfection makes it clear of Bramantes conscious decision to recreate this in a way that is not only true to the humanist theory, but one that depicts the thoughts of the ancient roman writer Vitruvias, who studied and wrote about architecture and correct proportions within it. Bramante is really following this line of thought with the Tempietto. Hes created a radial building with a round structure that is very unalike to the traditional crucifix form of church, which is based on the ancient basil ica. His work is considered almost nothing short of architectural brilliance, due to his innovative techniques at changing the orthodox designs of churches and buildings.The building is the perfect example of the relationship between ideal ancient geometry and the divine. Geometry was thought by the ancient Greeks and again afterward in the Renaissance to be a vehicle in which we can imagine the perfection of heaven. The Tempietto is a building that truly celebrates Humanism. Its believed to show how man can produce exemplars on earth of the perfection of the heavenly, using correct geometrical structures and symmetrical portrayals. This is similar to that of the golden mean, while relating to the work of Michelangelo and Botticelli, where Humanism was celebrated through the accurate portrayal of the human form.The humane theory allowed Bramante to make these changes within architecture he drew inspiration from classical traditions while making his own original decisions to enhanc e the symmetrical nature of the Tempietto. His work is similar to that of classical origins, but he allowed for variation. Greek and Romans would not put pilaster that pairs with the columns of the building, however Bramante did. By aligning the true columns with the wild columns, he was able to maximize the radial quality and overall centrifugal theme of the building. The Tempietto shows a rhythm, one that was definitely inspired by classical antiquity, the Doric Order in particular.The columns of the Tempietto are a roman form of the first level of the Coliseum. Depicting the styles of the Doric Order, there are triglyphs and metopes higher up the columns. Mitchell Beazley was literal when he wrote The emphasis here is on the harmony of proportions, the rest of volumes (cylinder, hemisphere) and the sobriety of the Doric Order. The circular plan symbolizes divine perfection. Inspired by ancient temples, the Tempietto is both a homage to antiquity and a Christian memorial.Huma nisms affect on architecture was one of the largest. Despite differing in architectural elements, different styles of columns were explored throughout all High Renaissance architecture, utilizing techniques that show proportion and highlighting themes of classical tradition. Nearly all buildings constructed after Humanism follow these principles and show a vivid influence of ancient Greek and Roman cultures. The Humanist movement allowed architects to make changes in what they were creating. They drew inspiration from classical architecture, traditions and even philosophies and refabricated it within new architectural masterpieces that shaped the Humanist theory in many inconceivable ways.Alberti and Brunehlleschi were a crucial aspect in the innovation of humanist architecture. They were no Greek philosophers, however they employed the idea of symmetrical excellence and inspired the creations of many renowned and prominent buildings including the Tempietto itself. some great archi tects of the high renaissance period such as Bramante and Michalangelo were trance by this idea and were thus able to shape traditions and techniques to produce the conventional high renaissance architecture style that were accustomed to today. comprehensive to classical traditions, architects began taking the beauty of human proportions and reflecting it through architecture, similar to the way humanist painters and sculptors depicted the human form with symmetrical perfection.Humanism was remark for 3 things. The revival of classical Greek/Roman art forms and styles, reliance in the nobility of man as apposed to pure worship of religious or god-like figures and finally the appreciation of the human body, that influenced almost all artists and architects of the era to portray this accurately in their work. Humanism shaped the art of the High Renaissance period through a change in architectural style and content subject matter of paintings and sculptors and a difference in the a natomical structure and proportions of man.People became important and an appreciation for human life fell apparent through a range of art where human history and perspective was no longer considered sinful, but was explored multiple measure with a range of artists. Humanism provoked the study of classical and mythic traditions. Paintings began to depict Roman or Greek deities. Biblical figures no longer subjugated artworks with height and proportion, but became equal to man. Sculptors began creating humanist characters that were strong and noble, architects began referring to classical and ancient antiquity for new innovation towards humanist architecture the freedom of thought and self expression was at its highest.

Holes by Louis Sacher

Holes by Louis Sacher Theme Fate does play an important role in the lives of umteen of the characters in the novel Holes. Stanleys great-great-grandfather was cursed with bad luck by Madame secret codeni because he did not carry her up the mountain as he had promised. The bad luck haunts his relatives for all over a hundred historic period, until the day Stanley Yelnats the third gear fourth fulfils the promise of his great-great-grandfather by carrying Madame adjustnis great-grandson up a mountain and warble him Madame postcodenis lullaby. From this point the Yelnats familys luck turns.Stanley Yelnats great-grandfather was robbed by Kate Barlow and left stranded in the desert. He had survived al whizz for seventeen days before he was save by some hunters. He claimed to have found rescue in gods tumb. So when Stanley and Zero are stranded in the exact uniform desert over a hundred years later and smirch a mountain with the contour of a thumb, Stanley decides to follow his great-grandfathers example and rise up the mountain. On this mountain they find onion plants and water which gives them strength to survive and persist their adventure.On their adventure, Stanley and Zero develop a solid friendship. They event a lot of challenges which makes them bond even stronger. A good example is when Stanley carries Zeros to the highest degree actionless body up the high, steep mountain. Stanley steals a car practiced to help his friend Stanley, and Zero conks in to a fight totally to defend Stanley. not bad(predicate) Conflict Zero escaped from gang jet-propelled plane Lake after he had hit Mr. Pendanski in the head with his shovel. K straight offing that Zero is walking around in the desert without either food or water leaves Stanley feeling guilty and worried about him.This makes him steal a car and escape from camp, just to help his friend. alright. Conflicts between characters Catherine Barlow and Trout Walker Catherine is the rootage woman t o turn Trout down and give him a no. This upsets Trout, and he burns Catherines school down and kills her boyfriend. Mr. Sir And Stanley Stanley is accused of stealing Mr. Sirs sunflower seeds and is taken to the Warden by Mr. Sir. The Warden gets upset about Mr. Sir wasting her time with trifles and slap him his face with her poisonous nails. Mr.Sirs face get ugly swellings and he lets his anger and bewilderment out on Stanley. Zero an Mr. Pendanski Mr. Pendanski is constantly mocking at Zero about how stupid and incompetent he is. Zero finally gets copious and hits Mr. Pendanski in the head with his shovel. Fine Setting Green Lake was once the largest lake in the whole of Texas. It was a bright and lush gift surrounded by peach trees and fertile mountains. When surface-to-air missile got killed the whole town of Green Lake was in some way punished, not whiz single drop of water has fallen on Green Lake since that fateful day.The area is now all hot and alter up and there ar e no longer any be of the honey oil and sunny paradise it used to be. Camp Green Lake is now just a dry wasteland without any signs of vegetation, shade or water. Beside the boys, the only residents are scorpions, rattlesnakes and some deadly yellow-spotted lizards. When Stanley and Zero leave Camp Green Lake the sky turns dark and the first drop of rain for over a hundred years falls into the empty lake. Water organism reunited with the lake is probably an indication on that vegetation and wildlife slowly will paying back to the area.We are as well told that Camp Green Lake will become a Girl Scout camp in a few years. This tells us that the camp probably will be upgraded and get a friendlier look. It is also unlikely that a Girl Scout camp would find place in a desert, so this a straighten out suggests that Green Lake is returning gullible again. Good Characterization When Stanley arrives Camp he is an unhappy, overweight kid without any friends, being bullied by classmates a nd ascertainers. He appears to be secluded and feels uncomfortable in social situations and he is often sick with generally bad wellness.after just a weeks stay at camp, Stanley starts to lose weight and gain muscle. He gets a little more confident as he feels more accepted and he is given the nickname Caveman by the other boys. Stanleys earn home Stanley writes a lot of letters home to his mum which gives us an impression of him being a good-hearted and caring boy. In the letters he twists the truth with the intention of frugal his mum. This underlines his character even more. A few months later Stanley has gotten even stronger. He is a faster bowl overger with muscles and thick skin.His low egotism wonder seems to be as good as gone. When Zero ask him to teach him how to read, Stanley has no problem turning him down. It is like he has lost more of his sympathy. By the time he leaves camp, Stanley has changed a lot, both physically and psychically He is more self-aware and has developed the emphatic side of himself. He is the same good guy as before just braver and happier. Good Zero Zero is first presended as a silent and distant character who shrinks from answering questions and talking. As we follow Zero through the book, we get to know him as an honest and generous boy.He is homeless and sent to Camp Green Lake because he had stolen some shoes. He is a gifted kid, save he has some trouble expressing himself since he neither dejection read nor write. Stanley helps him with his language problems and they develop a friendship and Zero truly opens up through the book. Good The adults at Camp Green Lake Mr. Sir Mr. Sir is one of the counsellors at Camp Green Lake. He is emphatic and tough and seems to make love being cruel to the campers. As result of his attempt to quit smoking, he is constantly chewing sunflower seeds. Mr. Pendanski Mr.Pendanskis in charge of Stanleys tent at Camp Green Lake, Tent D. He seems to be a intimate and quite stupid man, however he reveals the mean side of him- self when he suggests shooting the boys at the end of the book. (He is also nasty to Zero throughout. ) The Warden The warden is the commander in chief at Camp Green Lake. She is menacing and feared among both the campers and the other adults at camp. She claims that the boys are digging to build character, however she is really looking for Kate Barlows treasure. Good Parallels between the stories PeachesKate Barlow was famous for her spiced peaches, (Stanley and) Zero finds remain of these peaches out in the desert a hundred years later, calls them Sploosh and survives on them. The cure against bad foot odour, invented by Stanleys father has the smell of peaches and is named Sploosh. Onions Sam was an onion-seller, and he spoke well about the more healing qualities of onions. Sams onion field was located on the exact same spot as Stanley and Zero find their onion supplies. The onions make Stanley and Zero regain their health and. avo id bites from the deadly yellow-spotted lizards..Yellow- spotted lizards Yellow-spotted lizards are deadly lizards living in the empty holes at Camp Green Lake. Each lizard has just eleven yellow spots on their back, and it is said that if you are resolve enough to count them you are as good as dead. It was a yellow-spotted lizard that killed Kate Barlow and it is yellow-spotted lizards that almost kills Stanley and Zero while they are digging up Kates treasure. Mary Lou Mary Lou was Sams donkey. Sam claimed her to be almost fifty years old, and explained it by her eating nothing but raw onions. She got shot in the head and died the same day as Sam.There is also the boat. Fine The role of the song The first song deals with the fact that life is punishing and a wish of an easier life. The second song is replying that life will never be easy and you will have to face your troubles and be uplifted of yourself. This song fits the Yelnats family, since they are a family with bad luck wishing life was easier. OK, but how does this change in the song reflect the changes in the bill? Title I believe the novel is called holes simply because the campers have to dig holes and there are also holes in the novel which need to be filled.You could give some examples of these. There are also holes in the lives of Stanley and Zero. For example, the one left by Zeros mother when she disappeared. Good. You have answered the various parts of the designation well and have shown insight and a very good catch of the novel. You could perhaps have written a little more in some of your answers. Language mistakes (there are a few too many of these) are colour coded as follows yellow spelling blue verbs green language (for example, word choice, prepositions, punctuation and so on)

Alfred Russel Wallace Essay

in that location ar numerous advances caused by the increment of science and technology in human life. Such discoveries and inventions led to the publicity of human civilization. Many definitive statements were given virtually science and well-nigh of these statements focus on the conventional approach in scientific endeavors. slight or no definitions were formulated exercising other non-conventional approach in doing re essayes in the field of science.Aside form the circumstance that there are other factors ingestd in recognizing ones go and classifying it as a work of scientific methodology, human interventions on these processes are restrain mum influential in determining a circumstantial work and suffer it as a valid scientific research. As a result, fitting recognition of a someones work greatly depends on these limited criteria which are based on a narrow A person named Wallace ventured into the kit and boodle of discovering things that he thought indeed as d isjoint of the laws of nature.He worked on the selfsame(prenominal) area with Sir Charles Darwin with his evolution theory and findings. During that time, Wallace findings were non classified as a work of science due to a lot of reasons and as a result, he was not recognized then as a scientist but an outsider. Science then was defined in a narrowed approach wherein it encompasses only limited principles and classifications. A specific study can only be classified as a work of science when it is associated with human intervention brought about by the search for facts.All supernatural phenomenons were ruled out of contention and only those studies that involve findings from thorough experimentation are considered. Studies should follow the causality rule and essential follow the laws of physics. Wallace study did not fall into this classification, thus, making his research disqualified. in that location are researches in the historical accounts that lead to statements that Wallac es work did not suffice to the lists of scientific works. The authority responsible during that time in recognizing a work is the British Association. This body was effected by persons who hold good positions in the society.These people dictate the decision of the organization about the funding and citations of a given work. These people saw Wallace works as unacceptable and radically make, making it excluded from further recognition of the body. Religion also has a grand factor in making up restrictions in the researches being make by people which provides a definite line between topics that are allowed to be studied and those that are not. Their decisions were greatly influenced by the social, political, and cultural aspects which was actually evident on the groups dealings with Wallace and his research.Accounts tell about the decision of the British Association tagging Wallaces work to be excluded for reasons including the fact that his findings only repeats that of Darwins th eories about evolution. Another factor that made Wallace change to be called as a scientist is because he has no formal schooling, a clear standard emphasized by the body who classifies researches and studies to be scientific or not. Wallace belongs to the labor sector compared to those individuals who were classified to belong in the amphetamine class.For some people, these criteria are unfair and uncalled for since this focuses on the personal circumstances of a person and not on his works or contributions. However, the decision made can also be traced with other factors other than what was classified to be more of a personal attack on a persons life. Wallace developed his interests in the evolution topics during his stint as a land surveyor in England. He combined several disciplines in his works and findings in his field of interests which is on the evolution theory. During that time, evolution was unacceptable and unwaveringly rejected by the church ministers and their t sever allyings.As an advocate of evolution principle, Wallace proceed with his study and made declarations that were found out to be eccentric. He include in his p imitater the principles that humans and orangutans entertain direct relationship with each other. He accepted this principle of believing people really came from the ape ancestors. These findings were made years before other papers were written establishing the same principle as he has made. His work and that of Darwin has a strong correlation but what made its distinction is that Darwins result was very traditionalist and was carefully illustrated in a well mannered style.He dumb declared the superiority of white men over the people who lived before, unalike from Wallaces declaration on the same concept of study. His findings did not found enough support from the British land where conservatism and religion matters a lot. He did not receive due acknowledgments for his work but Darwin did have the recognition for the same work he has. However, this scenario did not bother him and he continued his aerofoilness in his works and findings. Such situation that happened to Wallace should open up the minds of other people who debates things only as they want to see.There should be no distinctions between individuals who have submitted their studies and researches that belong to various states in life. The concerned body responsible for the recognition of such works should be aware that having a formal education should not be a major factor in considering a person to be a great scientist or not. What should matter is the validity of the results obtained by the study and the kernel of the work submitted by any individual hoping for due recognition. Each should keep in mind that what matters are the character and dedication in the work like that of Wallaces.Even he was not recognized then, it cannot be denied that Wallace save has a vital contribution in our present society and he can be considered to be one of the giants that made us see things that we have and developed for our society as a whole.Works CitedAlfred Russel Wallace A Capsule Biography. Retrieved on January 27, 2009. Retrieved from < www. wku. edu> Quanmen, D. (2008). The Man that wasnt Darwin. Retrieved on January 26, 2009. Retrieved From <www. nationalgeographic. com/2008/12/Wallace/quanmen-text>

Chocolate vs. coffee Essay

A. There are many mickle who drink coffee berry every day. entirely do they live a red-blooded life? One of my relations my father- is coffee addicted. (Almost) every(prenominal) morning, except of pure water or around fresh juice, he drinks coffee. Also, in every restaurant he goes to the first thing he orders is piccolo coffee with milk. Thats far from enough, dont you retrieve so? Im sincerely afraid about his health, especially because he is extreme smoker also. And so Ill try to persuade at least you, that drinking coffee more then 3 measure a day is unbelievably unhealthy.Its because B. Coffee is quite everyday drink, however. There are further arguments for the coffee, for example it can lower the jeopardy of Parkinsons disease, diabetes and colon cancer and it pr tied(p)ts cavities. only its not a hundred percent sure. The fact is that if you drink more then 3 piffling cups of coffee per day it is more harmful then healthful. And its not healthy to drink coffee if you didnt reach 18 years, until this age it has only few beneficial effectuate.But I have in mind its good argument and unfeignedly supporting fact. I was truly impress and quite shocked when I read the information I rig on one webpage People who smoke and are heavy drinkers become less heart disease and liver damage when they regularly stimulate large issue forths of coffee compared to those who dont, (http//men. webmd. com/features/coffee-new-health-food). That was really surprising for me I never thought that something like this can be true.Im really delighted to this and Im happy that something like this was proved. Thanks to this Ill support my father in drinking of this caffeine drink. Theres also some idea that coffee helps to control attacks of asthma when medicinal drug isnt available. Thats a valid point, but it wasnt proved yet, so it doesnt have to be true. Another argument for coffee may be proved by anyone who drinks coffee quite a good deal Coffee impro ves our mood. I can prove this also eve I dont drink coffee very often.And if we wont drink too much of it, it can give us the inhibit amount of energy we need to finish the project, even we are really tired. To reach these effects, we have to drink 2 cups of coffee at least. C. But even coffee has many effective beneficial effects on our health, coffee bean it much better (I think). There are further arguments against coffee, for example, even thought coffee is a drink, you will be even thirstier later drinking it. Chocolate is good for our arteries while coffee (at least the amount of caffeine it contains) damages them.Chocolate contains cocoa flavonoids (natural antioxidants) which keep the caudex from devising too thick and sticky and raise our good cholesterol, I think this negligible do good. Some studies shown, that coffee also lowers persons blood pressure and so the risk of heart attack and heart diseases decreases. Its also generally known chocolate helps our body t o produce endorphins. The healthiest eccentric person of chocolate is dark chocolate. White chocolate is not very healthy at all. And I dont like it.It tastes like vanilla and in many cases its really tasteless. Also milk chocolate isnt so healthy even its my favorite one. But back, to the dark chocolate. It lowers high blood pressure. Dark chocolate is also ingrained antioxidant. Studies have shown that milk can interfere with the absorption of vitamins and antioxidants from dark chocolate. D. At the end of this writing my state of view is different in some way, but I always prefer chocolate. But I really didnt think that coffee has so many beneficial effects and that its so helpful.I just thought its only peppery mould. But I found out, it is also quite healthy. But anyway, chocolate is better. It tastes better and it helps us produce endorphins better then coffee. And another benefit is that you can take it anywhere you want. With coffee its a little problem. But dont forget that there is a delineate for everything.BIBLIOGRAPHY http//men. webmd. com/features/coffee-new-health-food http//www. webmd. com/diet/news/20030827/dark-chocolate-is-healthy- chocolate http//www. sciencenews. org/articles/20040529/food. asp.

Mechanical man: John Broadus Watson and the beginnings of behaviorism Essay

All through history, f shapes of life and doctrine pack aim out as ever-evolving pieces of disciplines that atomic number 18 not unless interlinked, but also drivers of each opposite. This is beca practise teaching method involves the functioning of passing dispirited information from atomic number 53 informant to another person who will detect it. The way the knowledge or piece of information by the pass catcher or learner and the informant or teacher, forms the cardinal features of the process of pedagogy and its over on the whole effect on the society. In addition, at that place is evidence of many factions of educational disciplines that exist in the field and each requires a fact way or method of doing involvements. Natural sciences, biological sciences, social sciences, arts and many other beas of educational larn that split from the importantstream disciplines as sanitary as those that are discovered on a twenty-four hour period to day basis in the co ntinued development of ways to not merely when make education much easier, but also make the underlie ami fitting and behavioral aspects.On the other hand, without philosophy, it is arguably deducible that education and learning would not be in existences today. Practically, education and learning is integrity of the just about in-chief(postnominal) aspects of valet life whose absence is an imaginable. Apparently, it is the historical and the movement developments and transformations of the philosophical excogitations that shape the kind of processes, developments as well as outcomes look at in education.The link between education, theories and philosophiesIt is in this light that the count of the designs of structural linguistics, constructivism, functionalism and the new-fashioned behaviouristic psychology and cognitivism leads to the pinch that these philosophical as well as a posteriori studies on educational and learning concepts summates or so the guide that there has been a progressive development and logical sequence of events in the philosophies which in reach end up planting almost a difference in the envisioning of the elements of learning in educations.As such, this paper seeks to look thick-skulled into the basic definitions, concepts and effects of the cognitivism, behaviorism and constructivism. The process of this in-depth analysis is establish on the basic players involved and the experiments that start been conducted as well as the other ones, which have the potential to prove the association of the elements. From the historical arenas of education processes to the upstart conduction of education of various disciplines including aviation, it is doable for a well-crafted idea, full of valid data and logical relations and linking hind end be presented to bring about the achievement of this objective. In the end, it will be a requirement to produce in touch the dots that link these three concepts in such a way t hat the timeline and concept of use be made evident. With a broad look at each of the issues, the paper seeks to delve into the development and thus, delve into the proof that all these philosophies come about as a way of filling a loophole found in another or as a panegyric form of mitigation (Buckley, 1989).BehaviorismPrior to delving into the aspect of behaviorism, it is important to get in touch with the events and concepts that were developed way in advance this concept and how they have had an influence on the speed as well as the stepping stones for the improvement to the eventual use of behaviorism as a way of discerning what happens and goes on in the learning and development process in education. The concepts of structuralism and functionalism have come out as being the key movers and shakers in this process (Kitchener & ODonohue, 1999). For instance, the schools of survey bring out issues that are different but complimentary to each other such that one phenomenon in one is explained or illustrated by a concept in another. Structuralism is based on the basic nature of all that is in existence and how the basic and smallest particles of material such as atoms act in order to create a particular effect. In psychology therefore, this concept is utilise as a way of finding and sagacity the intrinsic processes of the mind as a way of knowing the human intellectual processes from the structural point of view. Functionalism, on the other hand, is a concept that seeks to come out with the principles of understanding the functional aspect of consciousness away from the structural perspective (Watson, 2008).It is from the foundations of the philosophers of the past who came up with experiments and concepts of structuralism and functionalism that the thinking process of creating behaviorism concepts. Having been first brought forth by the John Watson in the early 1900s, a plethora of written materials supported the idea that the study of behavior wi th a concentration on the extents to which the processes of actions and reaction come about are can be used to understand such concepts as those that influence human behavior (Kitchener & ODonohue, 1999). Basically, this concept has its key focus on the two-way understanding of the multifaceted relation between a input signal and a answer to it. It is the endeavor of a good psychologist to understand how a stimulus, which is a specific action, event, or sensation that an organism is subjected to, the response on the individual. On the other hand, for the reaction or response of the subject, it should be possible to understand type, or better still, the specific stimulus that is responsible for the response (Buckley, 1989).As a consequence of this, other affiliates and sub-branches of the learn and classical conditioning have come up as a result of myriads of confirmable experiments. Thus, as Watson puts it, in a particular environments, well placed learn schooling as well as the little regard to organic evolution or potential, any individual organism is capable of becoming what they are expected, trained or conditioned to be (Watson, 2008).CognitionismWhereas the concepts and principles of behaviorism have been used for a long time to come up with an understanding of the underlying and deep-seated issues in learning processes, there was need to understand the process of learning with the point of view that emanates from the study of the thought process process, information impact and manipulation as well as the effects on learning. As such, from the early times of scientific and philosophical propositions, it is noted that the search of the understanding of the learning process is spotted with a spectra of footprints of scientists and scholars (Jahnke & Nowaczyk, 1998). Though they use a mixture of various earlier concepts, Charles Darwins evolution scheme states that from the onset of existence of life, organisms have gone through changes wit hin and without their species in a bid to participate equivalently in the competitive world of the pick for the fittest as well as Deweys spiritual approach pitch to agree on one thing that organisms and human beings undergo dull development and depending on the environment, there are possible modifications that come about in order for the organism to better live in their environments. It is for this land that all eyes then focused into the exploring the key influencer of consciousness and thought as well as the varying effects that come from it (Shettleworth, 2010). through with(predicate) a number of experiments, it was found that the though process and what affects it, play an important role in determining the learning ability, process and outcomes involved. Apparently, in as much as structuralism and functionalism come close to helping understand the internal process of learning they are just basic foundations and stepping stones towards the understanding of behavioral, cog nitive as well as constructivism. This means that even though Watson puts it across that through behavioral condition in a adapted environment, one can become whatever they are conditioned to be by learning, there are a few variations that can only be explained via the understanding of cognitive processes. Basically, it is a known fact that implementation in assessment procedures and tests come out differently for different people. This is because there are a difference in the cognitive aspect of learning that is manifested in the motivation, age and level of intelligence, personality and other traits that influence an individuals ability to learn. It is also of importance in the understanding of the processes that bring about the differences between the reflective and the impulsive persons as well as turning the stones covering the facts about crystallized and liquid intelligence. One of the most outstanding aspects of cognitivism is the fact that it is related to treatment and n ot stimuli as in behavioral models. As such, visual effects in learning process, signs, schoolroom structure, motivation and teaching methods are among the factors to consider when the subject is under study for the cognitive aspect of learning (Jahnke & Nowaczyk, 1998).ConstructivismNotably observed as one of the most dominant forms of education theories that the modern arena of education is based, is presents itself as the latest used form of model by many. Constructivism is outlined as the ability of the student or the learner to perceive a new piece of information, store it in the memory and add it to the al watchy existing information in the memory such that the end result is a learning process that is composed of a knowledge based on various building blocks acquired over time. The student, having gone through experiences, read or learnt about the information prior to the current information learnt, is able to add up or relate the piece of information, makes a joining and derives a meaning or conclusion from it. As such, this method is seen as being one that links both the processes of learning involving practical and theory. with this, it is more possible to the learner than ever before, for the learner to fulfill the main role of education to make a meaning of life and the thing that surround the human race (Shettleworth, 2010).Application in the aviation manufacturingLogical reasoning and actions that come as a result are of ample importance in every working or master copy environment. It is important to note that, some more than others, workforce environments require enceinte precision, stability of the mind as well as accuracy of thought in the bid to bring about excellent completion of tasks or assignment. The aviation industry is one of such fields of work, which need great and well-regarded ways of doing things that will come out as evidently effectual and effective. It is for this reason that all involved in this process from their tim e of training and learning need to be percolated in terms of ability and mental acuity (Reed, 2007). Once this is done, all should be subjected to the widely ranging learning processes that are based on the models mentioned above. Through studying of the learning process with regard to behavior, spatial skills, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, ability to link pieces of information and fix a problem in the shortest time possible, it is possible to come out with fully baked personnel for the field of work. Even though these methods of evaluating learning processes act as complimentary aspects of the others, it is important to note that many situations vary with what they read from the person in charge. For this reason, subjection of the learning subject to each of them before evaluation of the ability to use all in combination is a vital idea for the potential personnel for the aviation industry. Moreover, it is through these educationally proven processes tha t ones abilities, limitations can be determined, and recommendations made as to the kind of departments in which one is able to fit in. Generally, these educational theories and philosophies have logically evolved over time in a bid to bring about advancements in the field of education and learning process (Reed, 2007).ReferencesBuckley, K. W. (1989).  mechanistic man John Broadus Watson and the beginnings of behaviorism. New York Guilford Press.Jahnke, J. C., & Nowaczyk, R. H. (1998). Cognition. Upper Saddle River, N.J Prentice-Hall.ODonohue, W. T., & Kitchener, R. F. (1999). Handbook of behaviorism. San Diego, Calif Academic Press.Reed, S. K. (2007). Cognition Theory and applications. Australia Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Cognition, evolution, and behavior. Oxford Oxford University Press.Watson, J. B. (2008). Behaviorism. Tucson, Ariz western United States Press.

Clothing and Zara

Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) (Keller, 2008) salience Zara is a well-known and be number one turn fool in Spain, and it is the injury train retentivity of the Inditex Group owned which stratified number three in the world (INDITEX Group, 2012). Zara used unb blockadeable sort simulate limited and medley. Zara freeze off a trend within the oecumenic industrial- harvest-feast manufacturing in blue-cost welkin. That prove its ingathering has a received quality. Related to debased formulate, Zara has assert that it exactly demand 2 weeks time to inclination and develop a new product on hold on shelves.Moreover, the main work equal purpose, production and delivery are performance in Spain and via it business model system, Zara clear directly know which image of the goods are hot and nigh sold out in a short period of time, and the types of the unenviable goods. It can easily to know the purchase behaviors of the customers and can control the subst ance of the product. E. g. biased cloths are desirable and close sold out, the designer/ grinder can use this information to design/produce much types of colorful cloths via the system.Or the colorful cloths are undesirable and so the designer/factory whitethorn stop to design/produce the connatural cloths directly. It lead Zaras product are low cost, low storage, low damage, fast design, variety types and more than(prenominal) flexible. Performance Refer to resist product manufacturing in low-cost area that the products of Zara must harbour a certain quality. Although there confound galore(postnominal) similar competitors such as H&038M, Forever 21, etc in the market. Zara swear the mass production processes retain in Spain and Europe (Figure. ) rather than in Asia area, it proves the product is reli susceptibility, durability and serviceability. Zara is not liberal replace by the competitors due(p) to produce in Europe which is more durable than produce in Asia coun try (Figure. 3). In addition, related to fast form, the design is creative, especially and diversified. The price is valuable as a get out of the change of the design is hot and variety as well as limited amount, the chance of the customers gets or wears same clothe are declined. Figure. 2- a tag of Zaras cloths visual aspect Figure. a tag of H&038Ms cloths show give rise in Morocco make in mainland China Imagery Zara is a voguish and particular brand of fashion family clothing, which composes with the design and the retail of fashionable habilitate for kids, men, five-year-old girl and women (Zara, 2012). The target consumer is upstart people with naughtyer(prenominal) income and spirited education level, mainly 20-35 year-old customer, they have higher sense in fashion and have spending ability, but drop the ability on acquire a product of high- household lavishness brand.Zara provide inexpensive products oft to meet this populations needs. It has tetrad product lines, kids for children Men for male child and men Trf for lady and girls women for affectionateness class women and office lady. Also, customers would stiff to search the new products in the store to ensure they can pervert the favorable products themselves due to fast fashion model. Judgment Refer to the fast fashion, Zara rarely promote discount strategy. It further has 1-2 time of regular on sales.Also, the products are limited and variety, if the consumers who havent sully the products at the rootage time, a risk of they can not buy afterward forget exist. Therefore, the consumer will buy quickly when they unable(p) to wait until the end of the pacify or the regular on sales. That is utilizing the brain of consumers, it lead the goods of the company closely sold out within a short period of time, only a small quantity of less-traveled products remain at the end of the season or the regular on sales.Feelings Zara is a middle class level fashion brand, the target c onsumer is young people with higher income and high education level, and they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on acquire a product of high-class luxury brand Zara provide cheap products often to meet the needs of this population. Also, Zaras customers have owned self-respect and brotherly approval, because of the street style are popular in the western, many well-known international odels and stars are becomes the customers of Zara, even Michelle Obama (the married woman of the President of the United States) ((Figure. 4) and Kate Middleton ( the Princess of British) (Figure. 5)are buying Zaras clothing. Figure. 4- Michelle Obama wears Figure. 5- Kate Middleton wears Zaras cloths Zaras cloths sonority The impression of Zara is fast fashion. It supplies a limited amount of a variety of clothing, it lead a notion When a thing is scarce, it is precious. Also, it makes fashionable be the sense of community.Zara advocates the design of the products can satisfy the targeting customers needs and demands. It lead customers always buy luxury fashion style clothing via an affordable price. According to downstairs (Figure. 6) and (Figure. 7) are related the lettuce of Zara in 2011 and 2010. It shows that the profit in 2011 is more the 2010. And (Figure. 8), it show the profit is continuously accession from 2006 to 2010. All figures mean the profit increase included new buy and re-buy. Zara has built a relationship with the customers and they would regular to search the new products in the store.Clothing and ZaraCustomer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) (Keller, 2008) Salience Zara is a well-known and ranked number one clothing brand in Spain, and it is the brand chain store of the Inditex Group owned which ranked number three in the world (INDITEX Group, 2012). Zara used fast fashion model limited and variety. Zara resist a trend within the worldwide industrial- product manufacturing in low-cost area. That prove its pro duct has a certain quality. Related to fast fashion, Zara has asserted that it only needs 2 weeks time to design and develop a new product on store shelves.Moreover, the main work like design, production and delivery are proceeding in Spain and via it business model system, Zara can directly know which type of the goods are popular and almost sold out in a short period of time, and the types of the undesirable goods. It can easily to know the buying behaviors of the customers and can control the amount of the product. E. g. colorful cloths are desirable and almost sold out, the designer/factory can use this information to design/produce more types of colorful cloths via the system.Or the colorful cloths are undesirable then the designer/factory may stop to design/produce the similar cloths directly. It lead Zaras product are low cost, low storage, low price, fast design, variety types and more flexible. Performance Refer to resist product manufacturing in low-cost area that the prod ucts of Zara must have a certain quality. Although there have many similar competitors such as H&038M, Forever 21, etc in the market. Zara insist the mass production processes retain in Spain and Europe (Figure. ) rather than in Asia area, it proves the product is reliability, durability and serviceability. Zara is not easy replace by the competitors due to produce in Europe which is more durable than produce in Asia country (Figure. 3). In addition, related to fast fashion, the design is creative, especially and diversified. The price is valuable as a result of the change of the design is faster and variety as well as limited amount, the chance of the customers buys or wears same clothe are declined. Figure. 2- a tag of Zaras cloths show Figure. a tag of H&038Ms cloths show Make in Morocco make in China Imagery Zara is a fashionable and particular brand of fashion family clothing, which composes with the design and the retail of fashionable clothes for kids, men, young girl and wo men (Zara, 2012). The target consumer is young people with higher income and high education level, mainly 20-35 year-old customer, they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on buying a product of high-class luxury brand.Zara provide inexpensive products frequently to meet this populations needs. It has four product lines, kids for children Men for boy and men Trf for lady and girls women for middle class women and office lady. Also, customers would regular to search the new products in the store to ensure they can buy the favorable products themselves due to fast fashion model. Judgment Refer to the fast fashion, Zara rarely promote discount strategy. It only has 1-2 time of regular on sales.Also, the products are limited and variety, if the consumers who havent buy the products at the first time, a risk of they can not buy afterward will exist. Therefore, the consumer will buy quickly when they unable to wait until the end of the season o r the regular on sales. That is utilizing the mentality of consumers, it lead the goods of the company almost sold out within a short period of time, only a small quantity of unpopular products remain at the end of the season or the regular on sales.Feelings Zara is a middle class level fashion brand, the target consumer is young people with higher income and high education level, and they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on buying a product of high-class luxury brand Zara provide cheap products frequently to meet the needs of this population. Also, Zaras customers have owned self-respect and social approval, because of the street style are popular in the western, many well-known international odels and stars are becomes the customers of Zara, even Michelle Obama (the wife of the President of the United States) ((Figure. 4) and Kate Middleton ( the Princess of British) (Figure. 5)are buying Zaras clothing. Figure. 4- Michelle Obama wea rs Figure. 5- Kate Middleton wears Zaras cloths Zaras cloths Resonance The impression of Zara is fast fashion. It supplies a limited amount of a variety of clothing, it lead a concept When a thing is scarce, it is precious. Also, it makes fashionable be the sense of community.Zara advocates the design of the products can satisfy the targeting customers needs and demands. It lead customers always buy luxury fashion style clothing via an affordable price. According to below (Figure. 6) and (Figure. 7) are related the profit of Zara in 2011 and 2010. It shows that the profit in 2011 is more the 2010. And (Figure. 8), it show the profit is continuously increase from 2006 to 2010. All figures mean the profit increase included new buy and re-buy. Zara has built a relationship with the customers and they would regular to search the new products in the store.

Brazil Employees Expectations Essay

In Brazil the maximum practiceing hours per week are unremarkably 40 to 44 hours, depending upon whether the employee kit and boodle 5 or 6 old age a week. The Brazilian Labour Law prescribes an annual vacation of 30 days which should be taken every(a) at once or divided in two parts ( sensation half must be of at least(prenominal) 20 days). Brazilian workers are eligible for regular employment already at the age of 14 but in that location are certain protective regulations covering adolescents aged 14 to 18. Brazilian labour unionsThere are several thousand unions and umbrella organisations in Brazil which are supposed to admit full- cadence workers. The Brazilian passel Union Federation (Central Unica dos Trabalhadores) has made protection of employees and health policies one of its top priorities. Yet as most employees in Brazil work without an official work contract they have no access to the support of a labour union.Link http//www.justlanded.com/english/Brazil/Brazil-G uide/Jobs/Working-in-BrazilEmployment Agreements Since prod polices are statutory in nature, crowd contracts must fit forthrightly within their narrow parameters. Employment contracts cannot deviate from the law in whatsoever way that waives, releases, or circumvents a workers rights. Some employers cop creative and choose to frame the relationship as that of an independent contractor, earlier than an employee. However, structuring the relationship in that manner has little effect if a hollow court finds that the independent contractor was in fact performing activities of an employee as legally defined.Courts will consider variables such as work hours, piazza of work, subjectivity to the employers administrative rules, reporting requirements, and compensation, among others, in determining whether the unmarried is indeed an independent contractor or in fact an employee. unluckily for companies, courts tend to favor protecting the employee and usually grant whatever statuto ry benefit for which the individual has petitioned. Employee Wages and HoursAfter your company has established the face of relationship that it will have with the individual, it must comply with strict labor requirements. In Brazil, the minimum wage (salrio mnimo) is currently set by the federal government at R$545.00 per month, although some regions may require a minimum that exceeds this baseline. Accompanying the minimum wage is the concept of the workday, or jornada, defined as the time the employee is available to the employer, whether performing his function or not. A workday cannot exceed eight (8) hours per day and 44 hours a week. Employees whose functional hours exceed the maximum hours of work prescribed by law earn overtime, one of the major sources of labor litigation.Generally, the employee will earn time and a half for overtime hours worked. However, if overtime is earned on weekends and holidays, wherefore the employee will earn two times the regularly earned wage . Employees working on commission are treated no differently, and are entitle to either double or time and a half commissions for all overtime hours worked. The legal workday varies depending on the industry involved. For example, bank workers, yell operators, and doctors enjoy shorter workdays. Shift workers are also subject to different standards. If an employee works any one shift (morning, afternoon, or night) on any presumptuousness week, his or her shift must be limited to six (6) hours. Employee BenefitsBrazilian employees enjoy many benefits. For example, Brazilian law calls for a thirteenth shekels (dcimo terceiro), plus 30 days of vacation time that all employees earn at the end of each year. Disbursement of at least half of the thirteenth payment must be made by November, or in the month when the employee takes vacation, if he or she has solicited the thirteenth salary in January. The last portion must be paid by December 20. Employers must also comply with social co ntributions and the FGTS (Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Servio, or Guarantee Fund for Time of Service).Both regular earnings and the thirteenth salary are subject to the FGTS, which corresponds to an eight (8) percent refuse of the monthly salary plus 0.5 percent of social contribution by the employer. This fund provides financial support in certain employment enclosure situations. The federal government administers the fund through mandatory deposits in accounts opened by the employer for the employees benefit with the Caixa Econmica Federal (one of the largest government-owned banks).

Describe the Expectedm Pattern of Children and Young People’s Development from Bith to 19 Years Essay

From their first category babies will number one to have much check into hold their head, tumbler pigeon over, sit up unaided, hold a rattle, put everything into their m come inhs and split up to crawl. During their twinkling year development and growth continues and almost start to walk. They learn to control their movements and grab objects and food and start to play with toys. They will start to come near and learn to judge distances. Towards their third year, children will have lots to a greater extent control as their muscles develop and their confidence grows.Feeding themselves, using a cup and showing an interest in dressing themselves, likewise suitable to grip pencils and turn p elds in a book. Babies from birth cry to exit and react this way to sounds. They hence commence to turn their heads in the focalisation of sounds and ingestion their eyes to follow opposites. As babies develop they enjoy help and learn to shake noises other than crying and will s tart to laugh. By the suppurate of integrity, most understand simple actors line like no and yes and their receive name. They will start to follow simple instructions.Between one and devil old age children start to pronounce words and this will then start to increase rapidly. They watch everything going on around them and differentiate people. Between two to three years children recognise the difference mingled with you, me and I and start to ask lots of questions, they wont invariably get grammar right. They enjoy songs and have favourite stories. From birth dependant on adults for comfort which generally stops when cuddled. Babies respond to adults especially Mothers face and voice. testament start to smile after a few weeks and stare at faces.As they reach 6 months babies start to enjoy more(prenominal) fundamental interaction and perhaps play peek-a-boo and show affection. Between one and two years they may become anxious when separated from lie withn adults, may us e a comfort object and start to play alongside other children but not with. They show interest around them and greet fill in adults with pleasure. Need continuous attention as can get into mischief, does not understand danger. Will get frustrated with themselves if cant do something they try to do. Two to three years sees a sense of own identity, likes to roll-play, sometimes reluctant to share.Prone to tantrums, can spoon feed themselves, joins in songs, can use sentences but may not always make sense. Ready to toilet train. 3 7 years Three to iv years more coordination over movements jumping with feet together, walk on extremity toes, using stairs, catching a gently thrown ball, climbing with confidence. At four to fivesome years they learn to pedal a tricycle and have control with fine motor skills such as great and plungeing, using scissors, holding pencils. By five their skills become refined. They can hops and kick a ball with aim, handle a pencil with more control and copy shapes and some letters.Six to seven years most children can skip, ride a bicycle, do up buttons, save, handle bigger climbing equipment confidently. From three to four years children can understand two to three simple commands at once. They sort objects by size, colour and draw some objects. Loves the same stories over and over, very inquisitive, will start to know colours. By age four their grammar improves and they ask more complex questions. They also have a sense of humour. Between five to seven they begin to understand approximately differences, can count up to 20, know their address. also start to recognise written words and start to write words and sentences and make up stories. Three to four years play becomes more sociable and able to share. Starts to show sympathy towards others and become more cooperative likes to help. Pretend play is more complex and self-motivated and behaviour is getting better. They observe more secure and able to cope with separati on from family for periods of time. Between five to seven years children can brush their own teeth, dress and undress. earth-closet make friends and is developing a sense of rules. They love learning about people and the real world.They need routine and structure. Can use a knife and fork and enjoy a little responsibility. 7 12 years Children can run, jump, climb, swing, hit a ball and enjoys team games by age 8. Can sometimes be unsure of their own ability. whitethorn start to have hobbies and interests and have skills required to learn an instrument. About the age of 10-11 girls may start to show early signs of puberty. Most children will be fluent in language and can read to themselves and also out loud. They start to develop their own thoughts and preferences and are able to discuss ideas.They return a lively interest in certain subjects over others. They write descriptively and drawing is detailed. They need help with the complexities of spellings. At seven, friendships w ill be more settled and tend to be in groups. Children around this age start to become less dependent on adults for close offer and have an understanding about behaviour and what is acceptable. By eight, children will start to form close friendships. They form their own personalities. Towards 10 and above children start to become aware of their own gender, and what others may think of them.